Fabric construction

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Table 2. Effect of Fabric Construction on Traction Characteristics ...

Fabric Construction for Water RepeUency. Fabric constmction, including twist, ply, and coarseness of yams, affects the performance of water repeUents. Waterproof films can more easUy be formed on close weaves than on open-weave fabrics. Hydrophobic finishes, which make individual fibers repeUent without altering fabric porosity, are generaUy appUed to fabrics whose pores are smaU (37). The relation of rainwear fabric constmction to the performance of repeUents has been reviewed (38). Some reports indicate that fabric roughness reduces repeUency (28,37). Mechanical action on fabrics, even after treatment, can reduce repeUency if the action increases fiber roughness or exposes fibers that have Utfle repeUent treatment. 

Process chemistry problems leading to releases are, of course, unique to each commercial process. On tlie otlier liand, equipment problems are not unique and can occur in any process. For instance, excessive stress may be due to improper fabrication, construction, or installation, or to mechanical fatigue, vibration, or tliermal shock. Other accidental releases may be related to operational causes such as overfilling vessels, errors in loading and unloading, inadequate maintenance, or incomplete knowledge of the process or chemical system. 

Accepted solutions are usually covered by specifications and codes of practice. These documents are important for three reasons they form part of the contract they define methods of design and fabrication proven by experience and they act as a means of communication between the parties involved in design, fabrication, construction and inspection. There is a strong incentive to use standard solutions as unexpected problems or misunderstandings are less likely to occur than if a novel solution is attempted such problems lead to the cost of rectification, but the delay that they cause is usually more importantConsequently project managers are often reluctant to be the first to use a novel solution. 

RPs are either constructed from a single layer or built up from multiple layers. The properties of each layer are usually orthotropic, which is a special case of anisotropy. Fibers that remain straight in the single layer are desired. However, with many fabrics, they are woven into configurations that kink the fiber bundles severely. Such fabric constructions may be very practical since... 

The simplest type of woven fabric construction each thread passes alternately over and under the thread it intersects. There is thus an intersection of adjacent threads at every possible point and no thread passes over or under more than one thread at a time in either direction. 

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Knitted fabric construction characterization is discussed in ASTM D3887. Characterization of knitted fabrics includes yield (area per weight), width, length, and yam count (number of courses and wales per unit length). The type of knit is also specified, eg, warp knit or weft knit. Yam analysis may be difficult on account of problems in raveling individual yams from the knitted structure, particularly warp knits. 

For both the tongue and Elmendorf test methods, it is important to observe the behavior of the specimen as the tear is propagated. In cases where the yams in the test direction are much stronger than the perpendicular yams, it is sometimes difficult or impossible to propagate the tear in the desired direction. In this case, a crosswise tear results. Tear resistance is primarily a function of fabric construction. Loose, open weaves such as cheesecloth tend to resist tear, whereas tight weaves tend to tear easily. In the open weave, the concentrated force field at the point of tear is dissipated by the compliance of the fabric structure to accommodate the stress field, thereby distributing the force over a greater number of yams. 

Comfort. In the past, the evaluation of fabric or garment comfort has been a subjective process influenced by such variables as temperature, insulating efficiency, moisture absorption, drying speed, softness, bulk, fabric construction, and air permeability. Human factors must also be considered. 

Figure 10.2 Fabric constructed rubber inflatable storage tank.

The properties of textile fibers can be divided into three categories geometric, physical, and chemical, which can be measured with available methods (15—17). Perceived values such as tactile aesthetics, style appearance of apparel fabrics, comfort of hosiery, as well as color, luster, and plushness of carpets are difficult to quantify and are not always associated with the properties of the fiber, but rather with the method of fabric construction and finishing. 

Mechanical Properries. Acetate and triacetate have a tenacity in the range of (1.10-0.12 N/tex tl.l-1.4 gl/den 1 with a breaking elongation of about 25-30%. Compared to other common textile libers, acetate and triacetate are relatively weak. e.g.. 20-25 3 the tenacity of polyester. This is not necessarily a disadvantage, because fabric construction can bo used to obtain the desired fabric performance targets. Pilling, the accumulation of fuzz balls on the fabric with wear, is not a problem as It is with the higher tenacity fibers. 

The effects of type of vinyl monomer on the properties of copolymer fabrics are shown in Table VII. Two different fabric constructions, print cloth and twill, were used. After the copolymer fabrics were prepared, they were given the usual treatment with dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea to crosslink the cellulose. The wash-wear appearance ratings, flat abrasion resistances, and, in most cases, wrinkle-recovery angles of copolymer twill fabrics were improved over fabric controls. For copolymer... 

Howorth (1958,1964) concluded that three fundamental cloth properties determine the handle, viz. stiffness, softness and bulkiness (thickness per unit weight). It appears that the effect of the yam and fabric construction on these properties is at least as great as the effect of the differences resulting from the nature of the polymer. 

The softness of a textile material is presumably built up of two components the smoothness of the fibre and the smoothness of the fabric the latter is determined by the fabric construction and the yam structure (bulkiness, etc.). 

This means that - save in exceptional circumstances - the nature of the textile fibre is less material than the fabric construction. 

The cloth elasticity, determined by the fabric construction, is the principal factor. Knitted fabrics may have a recoverable stretch of 200-300%, while woven fabrics cannot have more than about 25%. 

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The resultant fabrics are unique in that they have many functional property improvements thermal adaptability due to the phase change nature of the bound polyol, durable press or resiliency, soil release, reduction of static charge, antimicrobial activity, enhanced hydrophilicity and improved flex life, and resistance to pilling. Because of the different molecular weights of polyols, resins, acid catalysts, and fabric constructions, there are numerous modified fabrics that can be produced with sets of improved attributes. Each fabric must be carefully evaluated for optimum curing conditions and formulations to produce the desired product. Several licenses have been granted for this process. Various types of apparel, healthcare items, and industrial fabrics are currently evaluated for commercial production [381,382]. 

As a form of direct fabric evidence, the physical shapes of textile fabric pseudomorphs have been studied to identify fiber type and yam and fabric construction. Pseudomorphs of paired filaments in mineralized fabric formations found on Shang-period bronze weapons were determined to be replaced silk (I, 2) S-and Z-twisted silk staple yarn pseudomorphs were identified as well as fabric constructions, including float yams and a ribbed weave. 

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