Textiles woven

ISO 9290. 1990. Textiles—woven fabrics -Determination of tear resistance by the falling pendulum method. 

ISO 3801 1977. Textiles—woven fabrics—determination of mass per unit length and mass per unit area. 

Textiles (wovens, nonwovens, and composite fabrics), soft goods, equipment, and indoor hard surfaces used in a healthcare environment have unique microbial problems and their control is a complex chemical, physical, and microbiological task. Data generated fiomfee... 

Tensile properties 150 5081 1977 Textiles - Woven fabrics - Determination of breaking strength and elongation (Strip method) Okra bast 23... 

Browne C (2003), Salamander s wool The historical evidence for textiles woven with asbestos . Text. History, 34(1), 64-73. 

ISO 3801, Textiles — Woven Fabrics — Determination of Mass Per Unit Length and Mass Per Unit Area, ISO, Geneve, 1977. 

The majority of filtration textiles are based on synthetic fibres, although some are made from natural fibres. Purchas (1996) noted the confusions that arise due to the multiplicity of synthetic fibres, which is further compounded by many different trade names. Out of this confusion he was able to define five convenient categories of filtration textiles woven fabrics, needlefelts, bonded media, stretched film media and composites. 

The weaving of ramie yam does not pose any problem and all kinds of linen and cotton looms are used for this purpose. The ramie can be dyed in tops, in yam or in fabrics and its dyeing properties are similar to those of linen and cotton. Very rich in cellulose, ramie remains snow white after exposure to the sun. The textiles woven from ramie yam show excellent wearing properties and cover a vast range, mnning from very fine shirting to heavy uniform suitings. 

Typical Use Textiles (woven non-woven), leather, vinyl. Metals, ... 

Typical textile fibers have linear densities in the range of 0.33—1.66 tex (3 to 15 den). Fibers in the 0.33—0.66 tex (3—6 den) range are generally used in nonwoven materials as well as in woven and knitted fabrics for use in apparel. Coarser fibers are generally used in carpets, upholstery, and certain industrial textiles. A recent development in fiber technology is the category of microfibers, with linear densities <0.11 tex (1 den) and as low as 0.01 tex. These fibers, when properly spun into yams and subsequendy woven into fabrics, can produce textile fabrics that have excellent drape and softness properties as well as improved color clarity (16). 

Textiles. A unique combination of desirable quaUties and low cost accounts for the demand for acetate ia textiles. In the United States, acetate and triacetate fibers are used ia tricot-knitting and woven constmctions, with each accounting for approximately half the total volume. This distribution changes slightly according to market trends. The main markets are women s apparel, eg, dresses, blouses, lingerie, robes, housecoats, ribbons, and decorative household appHcations, eg, draperies, bedspreads, and ensembles. Acetate has replaced rayon filament ia liner fabrics for men s suits and has been evaluated for nonwoven fabrics (79—81). 

The first successhil attempt to make textile fibers from plant cellulose can be traced to George Audemars (1). In 1855 he dissolved the nitrated form of cellulose in ether and alcohol and discovered that fibers were formed as the dope was drawn into the air. These soft strong nitrocellulose fibers could be woven into fabrics but had a serious drawback they were explosive, nitrated cellulose being the basis of gun-cotton (see Cellulose esters, inorganic esters). 

Traditional textile fabrics are made by weaving or knitting. Nonwoven fabrics are similar to woven and knitted fabrics in that both are planar, inherently flexible, porous stmctures composed of polymer-based materials. The main difference between the two is the manner in which the fabric is made. 

Other companies with early involvement in developing nonwovens as textile replacements include Avondale Mills, Kimberly-Clark, The Kendall Company, and the West Point Manufacturing Company. Freudenburg of Germany, a worldwide producer of nonwoven interlinings (another woven fabric replacement), began efforts in the 1930s to find a substitute for leather (qv) (7). 

Early marketing efforts for spunbonded fabrics centered on their substitution for existing, ie, woven, textile fabrics. Generally, success was achieved ia areas where only fiinctionahty was important. Extremely slow progress has occurred ia areas where textile-like aesthetics are required. Nevertheless, spunbonded fabrics are recognized as a unique class of materials within the general category of nonwoven fabrics (see Nonwoven fabrics, staple fibers). 

Textile. Textile bags are made from natural fibers such as cotton and burlap (see Fibers, vegetable). Burlap or Hessian cloth is woven from jute fibers. Because the supply of jute and, consequendy, its price have been uncertain for many years, textile bags gradually have been replaced by various combinations of textile components with plastic or paper, multiwaH paper bags, or plastic bags (see Textiles). 

The sulfur dyes are widely used in piece dyeing of traditionally woven cotton goods such as drill and corduroy fabrics (see Textiles). The ceUulosic portion of polyester—cotton and polyester—viscose blends is dyed with sulfur dyes. Their fastness matches that of the disperse dyes on the polyester portion, especiaUy when it is taken into account that these fabrics are generaUy given a resin finish. 

A second wtinMe-recovery test, AATCC test method no. 128, describes the determination of the appearance of textile fabrics after intentional wrinkling followed by evaluation of appearance in comparison to standard repHcas. A visual rating from 1 (wrinkled) to 5 (smooth) is assigned. This method may be used for both woven and knitted fabrics, whereas the recovery angle method is appHcable only to woven fabrics. 

In the foUowing descriptions of some widely used repeUency tests, the term fabric designates any woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile. 

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