Textile lamination process

Textiles and artificial leather for vehicle interiors, carbon look and imitation wood foils for the dashboard, paint foils in the car color for radiator masks, decor strips, and door sUls. The remaining difficulties include the class A surface quality demanded by carmakers as well as so-called color-matching (same optical impression of sheen and color adjacent to conventionally painted parts). In these fields, the back injection process competes more directly with painting processes than with laminating processes. Here as well, this technology offers excellent opportunities for greater cost efficiency in future production processes (Figs. 28 and 29). 

It is necessary for the development of suitable methods of product fabrication to have some types of polyurethane elastomer which can be processed as solids using similar methods to those employed for conventional natural and synthetic rubbers, namely two-roll mill or internal mixing and compounding procedures, calendering, extrusion, moulding, fabrication of complex rubber-textile laminates and the like. 

Additionally, the adhesion of the nanofiber layer and support materials is another problem that needed to be solved to meet the requirement of post-processing of air filter media. Thus, a hot-press lamination process using a thermoplastic resin as glue was applied to improve the adhesion of the nanofiber layer onto the textile support. After 1,500 cycles of repeated compression and torsion, the PA-6 nanofiber layer was stiU firmly attached to the support, while mechanical damage is visible in some areas [32]. Recently, Guibo and co-workers [33] reported... 

In fine wool such as that obtained from merino sheep, the cuticle is normally one cell thick (20 x 30 x 0.5 mm, approximate dimensions) and usually constitutes about 10% by weight of the total fiber. Sections of cuticle cells show an internal series of laminations (Figs. 1 and 2) comprising outer sulfur-rich bands known as the exocuticle and inner regions of lower sulfur content called the endocuticle (13). On the exposed surface of cuticle cells, a membrane-like proteinaceous band (epicuticle) and a unique hpid component form a hydrophobic resistant barrier (14). These hpid and protein components are the functional moieties of the fiber surface and are important in fiber protection and textile processing (15). 

Coated substrates involve different materials such as coated credit cards, paper, woven and nonwoven textiles, plastic or aluminum films and sheets, and roll coverings. Calender lines can process one coated side, both sides, or laminated (multiple substrates coated between each substrate). Calender with three rolls is usually sufficient for one-sided coating. However four rolls are used for extremely thin coatings. The 4-roll calender can be used for double-sided coating that is applied simultaneously on both sides. Specialized calendering equipment is used for certain products such as credit cards, floor tiles, and window curtains. 

Melt compression molding identifies in-mold laminating and in-line molding of carriers, decorations, etc. The basic technique has been used for over a century. There has been an increased application of textile cover stock and leather substitutes both preferably with a soft touch. This type development was primarily initiated by the automotive industry with the objective to be prepared for future trends. Other industries such as furniture and packaging manufacturers use this process. 

Use Hot-melt adhesives for coatings and packaging, chewing-gum base, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, ceramics, processing aids, laminants, textiles, paints, rubber and elastomers, and waterproofing. 

Calendering is a popular method of rubber processing. It is also used in the production of films and in lamination of plastic film to substrates in a continuous web process. Hot-melt coating equipment is another version of calendering equipment used for production of plastic coated textile materials. 

The process time is determined by the technical parameters heatup, application, and cooling It is very short compared to the process times of reactive adhesives. Processing is done with so-called sticks, spreadable powders, extrusions, nets, or films. Hotmelt adhesives in the form of films in particular are among the heat-activated or heat seal adhesives. In film and textile composites the term used is laminate adhesives. 

Cellulose Ethers and Polymerisates cellulose and emulsion powders for coatings, mortars, building materials, insulation, adhesives, and tin for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Polyvinyl alcohol/butyral for adhesives, paper, textile processing, inks, paints and laminated glass. 

The primary purpose of the meso-damage modelling is to describe failure as processes occurring at the yam scale. Compared to unidirectional laminated composites, damage accumulation in textile composite has some specific features (1) the early initiation of intra-yam cracking (0.1—0.3% of applied deformation), (2) the concurrent accumulation of crack density and incremental crack length growth. 

RPs are usually applied as laminates of several layers. Many variables are important in determining the performance of the finished product. Some of the important ones are orientation of plies of the laminate, type of plastic, fiber-plastic ratio, type or types of fibers, and directional orientation of fibers (Chapter 7). Nonwoven fabrics are fibrous sheets made without spinning, weaving, or knitting. They include felts, bonded short to long fiber febrics, and papers. The interlocking of fibers is achieved by a combination of mechanical work, chemical action, moisture, and heat by either textile or paper malting processes. 

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