Textile electronics

In order to accomplish with the aforementioned aim, during the first year of project, an extensive research on the different chemical additives used in six industrial sectors was conducted plastics, textiles, electronics, lubricants, leather, and paper. A list of selected chemical additives was identified for each sector and used as a study basis for the rest of the project. This is the case of the decabromo-diphenyl ether (BDE) used in electronics as a flame retardant or the triclosan used in the textile as a biocide. The results of this investigation were presented in the first volume of this book (Global Risk-Based Management of Chemical Additives I Production, Usage and Environmental Occurrence). This volume also included a section of case studies related to the selected additives in different countries (i.e., Denmark, Vietnam, Brazil, India). The main outcomes of the first part of the project are summarized below ... 

One of the aims of EU project Riskcycle is to assemble and evaluate existing information on the chemicals and especially the additives used in consumer and industrial products with a special focus on the fate and behavior of these additives in six product sectors textile, electronics, plastics, leather, paper, and lubricants [54]. 

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are comprised of diverse classes or chemical compounds used in a variety of commercial applications. They are used in plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry, and other materials to prevent fires. The estimated... 

H202 has been a popular oxidizing agent for decades in the textile, electronics and pulp and paper industries [125]. Applications of H202 in bulk chemistry have been reviewed in a few papers [126, 127]. In the H202 oxidation of benzene to phenol a selectivity of 90 + % has been reported with catalysts based on TS-1 [128] and/or Ti-MCM-41 [129] at reasonable conversion levels. However, H202 is too expensive compared to the frequently applied air and/or oxygen, and so there are no drivers for economically sustainable and economic application. 

This shift in regional demand will accelerate as customer industries such as textiles, electronics, and automotive vehicles keep moving to emerging markets to take advantage of the low labor costs and the proximity to their customer base. 

Polymers play a significant part in humans existence. They have a role in every aspect of modem life, such as health care, food, information technology, transportation, energy industries, and so on. The speed of developments within the polymer sector is phenomenal and, at same time, cmcial to meet the demands of today s and future life. Specific applications for polymers range from adhesives, coatings, painting, foams and packaging to stmctural materials, composites, textiles, electronic and optical devices, biomaterials, and many other uses in industries and daily life. Polymers are the basis of natural and synthetic materials. They are macromolecules and, in nature, are the raw material for proteins and nucleic acids, which are essential for human bodies. 

Uses Monomer for acrylics, adhesives (binder, pressure sensitive, structural), coatings (glass, metal, wood, optical, paper, PVC floor, release, textile), electronics, inks, paints, and photopolymers Trade Names SR 9035... 

White, K., Spray, R., Horn, Q., May 2014. Wearable devices integrating textiles, electronics and portable power. In Techtextil North America Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA. 

The book is organized in three parts containing chapters on smart textiles for medical purposes transportation and energy and finally protection, security, communication and textile electronics. 

Textile electronics is another exciting area of apphcation. Fibrous diodes and transistors have already been developed in different laboratories. Flexible sensors and actuators (textile displays, heating fabrics) will in the future be part of our clothes, car interiors and home textiles. Therefore, flexible textile-based electronic circuits will be fully integrated to fabrics and connected to databases and servers making possible new ways to utilize clothing and other textiles. 

More or less futuristic projections on what could be the new functions of clothing of tomorrow are linked to the intrinsic functionality of clothing. The majority of these new functions are technically feasible today but require the contribution of competencies of various technological specialties (textiles, electronics, telecommunications) according to the clothing s and textile s so-called intelligence level . A classification of these new types of clothing is proposed in the discussion that follows. 

Textile electronic circuits based on organic fibrous transistors... 

The transistor as a component of the e-textile plays a crucial role in the textile electronic circuit. The existing fibrous transistors can be divided into two categories wire thin film transistors (WTFTs Lee and Subramanian, 2003 Maccioni et al., 2006 Locci et al., 2007) and wire electrochemical transistors (WECTs Hamedi et al., 2007 De Rossi, 2007 Tao et al., 2011). WTFT, also called WFET, is based on the field-effect transistor (FET) technology and WECT is based on electrochemical technology. With the help of these transistors, the textile electronic circuit can be achieved without loss of mechanical properties such as flexibility or softness. 

This chapter reviews the current status of the fibrous transistor development and textile electronic circuit. It covers semiconducting materials, fibrous transistors, and textile electronic circuits. Section 25.2 will discuss the materials employed in semiconductor manufacturing, especially in fibrous transistors. Section 25.3 will present traditional and fibrous transistors. Textile electronic circuits are discussed in Section 25.4. The different methodologies of use will be compared. And finally, the conclusion and perspectives will be discussed. 

As humans we prefer to wear comfortable textiles rather than hard, rigid boxes, and in order to add advanced functions first efforts have been made to use the textiles themselves as a substrate for electronic functions (Post et al., 2000). Hence, the electronic circuit plays an important role in the development of textile electronic functionalization. The electronic components and their interconnections are preferred to be intrinsic or less visible to the fabric. As a result, the textile electronic circuit can be considered as the platform for the application of textile sensors and actuators. 

From the application standpoint, textile electronic circuits can be used for stretch sensor, pressure sensor, electrochemical sensor, electrocardiogram sensor, electromyography sensor, electroencephalography sensor, temperature sensor, energy harvesting, wearable antenna, etc. 

Structurally, textile electronic circuits can be classified into two categories conventional electronic component implemented on fabric-based flexible planar circuit board (PCB) and intrinsic functional fiber/yarn-based circuit. 

Screen printing is another technique used for realizing a textile electronic cireuit. It is appropriate for realizing electrics and electronics due to its ability to produce patterned, thick layers fiom paste-like materials. Paul et al. (2014) have developed a screen-printed network of electrodes and associated conductive tracks on textiles for medical applications. A polyurethane paste is screen printed onto a woven textile to create a smooth, high surface energy interface layer and a silver paste is subsequently printed on top of this interface layer to provide a conductive track (Fig. 25.19). Merritt et al. (2005) and Karaguzel et al. (2009) have screen-printed conductive stractures on nonwoven textiles They have measured variants of transmission fines and specified their electrical parameters such as DC resistance and line impedance before and after washing. 

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