Electronic textiles methods

We ve tried to include all substantial developments and advances in this new edition. Significant developments in biomedical applications, microelectromechani-cal systems, and electronic textiles have been included, as has synthesis of nano-structured CEPs. New methods for characterizing CEPs, such as electrochemical Raman and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, have also been described. Significant progress is also detailed in techniques for processing CEPs and the fabrication of devices. 

Major Applications Optical materials, photoresists, . flexible electronic circuitry, adhesives,i° textiles,". method for counting leukocytes,i enzyme binding assays, 4 DNA chips Safety/Toxicity No data available... 

Many of the first electronic textiles used Indian metal silk organzas (Buechley, 2007). These organzas are made from silk wound with thin gold strips to form a heUx (Post, 1996), again in a method used by the ancients. Another approach is to add a metallized coating directly to a core yam. In the conunercial products, a number of base fibres are used. These range from cotton, silk, polyester and nylon to polybenzoxazole (PBO Zylon ), aromatic polyesters (Vectran ) and aramids (Kevlar ). 

Naturally, it has also been suggested that textile care instructions could be electronically transferred to the washing machine. However, with frequent misuse and errors within the current wash-care labeling system, such methods should be treated with caution. 

Finding a Method Various organizations publish volumes of methods for chemical analysis. One of the most well known is the American Society for Testing and Materials, or ASTM. The ASTM is a not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for producers, users, and consumers, to write standards for materials, products, systems, and services. The ASTM (Figure 5.19) publishes standard test methods encompassing metals, paints, plastics, textiles, petroleum, construction, energy, the environment, consumer products, medical services and devices, computerized systems, electronics, and many other areas. More than 10,000 ASTM standards are published each year in the 72 volumes of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Individual standards are also available. 

History. Braun and Tschemak [23] obtained phthalocyanine for the first time in 1907 as a byproduct of the preparation of o-cyanobenzamide from phthalimide and acetic anhydride. However, this discovery was of no special interest at the time. In 1927, de Diesbach and von der Weid prepared CuPc in 23 % yield by treating o-dibromobenzene with copper cyanide in pyridine [24], Instead of the colorless dinitriles, they obtained deep blue CuPc and observed the exceptional stability of their product to sulfuric acid, alkalis, and heat. The third observation of a phthalocyanine was made at Scottish Dyes, in 1929 [25], During the preparation of phthalimide from phthalic anhydride and ammonia in an enamel vessel, a greenish blue impurity appeared. Dunsworth and Drescher carried out a preliminary examination of the compound, which was analyzed as an iron complex. It was formed in a chipped region of the enamel with iron from the vessel. Further experiments yielded FePc, CuPc, and NiPc. It was soon realized that these products could be used as pigments or textile colorants. Linstead et al. at the University of London discovered the structure of phthalocyanines and developed improved synthetic methods for several metal phthalocyanines from 1929 to 1934 [1-11]. The important CuPc could not be protected by a patent, because it had been described earlier in the literature [23], Based on Linstead s work the structure of phthalocyanines was confirmed by several physicochemical measurements [26-32], Methods such as X-ray diffraction or electron microscopy verified the planarity of this macrocyclic system. Properties such as polymorphism, absorption spectra, magnetic and catalytic characteristics, oxidation and reduc-... 

Standard Method 4500-0 describes two methods for determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water Winkler s iodometric method and the elecrometric method (Standard Methods, 1998). The iodometric method is very accurate and precise, but the electrometric method is far more convenient for field use (e.g. in wastewater treatment system monitoring and control) and produces an electronic output that can easily be converted to digital form for microprocessor monitoring or control of wastewater treatment systems. Also, electrometric methods are not subject to certain interferences (i.e. oxidation or reduction of the iodine indicator). In addition, the iodometric method end point may be obscured by the presence of turbidity or color in textile wastewater samples. The electrochemical method is almost exclusively used in testing of textile wastewater. 

In terms of market opportunities, and referring to both the application method and the textile as a substrate, the need for functional prints and coatings that enable the development of smart textiles and wearable electronics will be rising and will move from 30% predominantiy printed and 6% on nonrigid substrates to 45% predominantly printed and 33% on nonrigid substrates by 2022 (Ghaffarzadeh, 2013). 

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