Testing of plastics

Flammability. The results of small-scale laboratory tests of plastic foams have been recognized as not predictive of their tme behavior in other fire situations (205). Work aimed at developing tests to evaluate the performance of plastic foams in actual fire situations continues. All plastic foams are combustible, some burning more readily than others when exposed to fire. Some additives (131,135), when added in small quantities to the polymer, markedly improve the behavior of the foam in the presence of small fire sources. Plastic foams must be used properly following the manufacturers recommendations and any appHcable regulations. 

ASTM Volumes 8.01—8.03, Testing of Plastics, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., pubhshed annually. 

TURNER, s.. Mechanical Testing of Plastics, liiffe, London (1973)... 

The simplest dynamic system to analyse is one in which the stress and strain are changing in a sinusoidal fashion. Fortunately this is probably the most common type of loading which occurs in practice and it is also the basic deformation mode used in dynamic mechanical testing of plastics. 

In recent years impact testing of plastics has been rationalised to a certain extent by the use of fracture mechanics. The most successful results have been achieved by assuming that LEFM assumptions (bulk linear elastic behaviour and presence of sharp notch) apply during the Izod and Charpy testing of a plastic. 

Uncertainty about a material s properties, along with a questionable applicability of the simple analysis techniques generally used, provides justification for extensive end use testing of plastic products before approving them in a particular application. As the use of more FEA methods becomes common in plastic design, the ability of FEAs will be simplified in understanding the behavior and the nature of plastics. 

Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe for Flame and Smoke Characteristics, 1989. 

Spin on glass (SOG) technique, 24 750 Spin-orbit split-off band, in compound semiconductors, 22 148-151 Spinosad, 14 346 Spinplates, rectilinear, 17 470 Spin probe testing, of plastics, 19 589 Spin welding, of ethylene-... 

Testing of plastics - determination of gas transmissions rate - Part 1 Volumetrical method for testing of plastic films, DIN Standard DIN 53380, Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 2000. 

Heap R D, Norman R H. Flexural Testing of Plastics, Published by the Plastics Institute, 1969. 

There are no ISO, ASTM or British fire test method standards specifically for solid mbbers and there is no active fire test work being pursued in TC 45. There are, however, a number of published international test methods for cellular materials and plastics, the majority of which could be applied to rubbers. A comprehensive account of fire testing of plastics has been given by Paul in the Handbook of Polymer Testing81. There may be fire resistance requirements for particular rubber products and some examples were given by Schultz110. 

UL 1887, Standard for Safety Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe for Visible Flame and Smoke Characteristics, Underwriters Laboratories, Northbrook, IL. 

Castle, L., Jickels, S.M., Gilbert, J., Harrison, 1990, Migration testing of plastics and microwave-active materials for high-temperature food-use. Food Add. Contam. 7, 6, 779-796. 

EEC ° as last amended by Directive 97/48/EC sets requirements (time temperature conditions, selection of simulants) for testing of plastic materials and articles with food simulants. Directive 85/572/EEC indicates the simulants that shall be used for specified foods or groups of foods. See Chapter 5 for further details on these controls. Regulation of chemical migration from plastics into food and drink has developed over many years. EU regulatory control of active and intelligent packaging will therefore have to fit in with this well-established system of controls. 

Domkin, V, S. Electrical properties of plastic foams and methods of estimation. In Methods of physico-mechanical testing of plastic foams, pp. 48-53. Moscow NIITEKhIM 1976, (in Russian)... 

Institute of Polymer Technology, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsges.m.b.H Institute of Materials Science and Testing of Plastics, University of Leoben,... 

Cain, P.J. (1987) In Instrumented Impact Testing of Plastics and Composite Materials. pp. 81-102, S.L. Kessler, G.C. Adams, S.B. Driscoll, and D.R. Ireland (Eds). American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 

The other validation test that is used to approve containers for use with sensitive preparations is the moisture permeability test. This evaluation is notably more complex in that it sets permeation limits based both on the type of container and the classification of the material being stored within. In general, these tests measure the performance of the packaging system but offer no design guidance. For compendial applications, permeability testing of plastics are described in the USP general chapters (661) and (671) for all types of containers. 

It should be noted that many of the factors which need consideration when a pharmaceutical product is to be launched in a plastic pack share common ground with pharmaceutical and medical devices. Appendices (8.1, 8.3, 8.4 and 8.5) indicate the various proposals on the testing of plastics for pharmaceutical products. Appendix 8.2 provides a typical type of clearance programme for a multi-dose sterile product in a plastic pack. 

The ASTM procedure lists test cycles commonly used for the xenon-arc (with daylight filters) exposure testing of plastics. 

ASTM D 4364 Practice for Performing Outdoor Accelerated Weathering Tests of Plastics Using Concentrated Sunlight ... 

This practice describes the outdoor-accelerated-exposure testing of plastics and plastic-made products using Fresnel reflecting concentrator. The latter uses the sun as a source of UV and longer wavelength radiation and involves a system of plane mirrors focused on an air-cooled target board on which the test specimens are mounted. The three basic exposure methods are as follows ... 

Compared to ASTM D 2565, which lists five test cycles commonly used for xenon-arc exposure testing of plastics, ASTM G 155 describes 12 tests. However, the mostly used Cycle 1 of ASTM D 2565 (0.35 W/m at 340 nm, 102 min (UV light) 18 min (UV light + water spray, 63°C black panel temperature) is identical to Cycle 1 of ASTM G 155. 

Notch Effect - The effect of the presence of specimen notch or its geometry on the outcome of a test such as an impact strength test of plastics. Notching results in local stresses and accelerates failure in both static and cycling testing (mechanical, ozone cracking, etc ). 

DIN 53435, Testing of Plastics Determination of Elexural Properties and Impact Resistance with Dynstat Test Specimens, (1977). 

DIN 53442, Testing of Plastics Fatigue Test in the Field of Bending Strain of Elat Specimens, (1975). 

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