Migration testing

For the oxygen migration test for oxirene participation to be valid, it must be shown (80ZN(B)1040) that intermolecular oxygen transfer does not occur, and that oxygen scrambling... 

All the jellyfish venoms are toxic but also stimulate the cell mediated and humoral immunological systems of man. After injection of large doses of jellyfish venom into human skin, a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration appears within the dermis. This infiltration is composed predominantly of helper inducer cells which produce suppressor activity. It appears that the NK enhancement of human leukocytes in patients envenomated by Chrysaora quinquecirrha is depressed when the clinical lesion is inflammatory (10). Recovery from this suppression follows the amelioration of the acute cutaneous reaction. In other instances, envenomated patients have abnormal macrophage migration tests (11). 

A migration test was developed to simulate human exposure patterns. 5 g of rubber material was cut into 1-2 mm stripes and then immersed in 20 ml of standard test solution of artificial saliva (4.2 g NaHC03, 0.2 g K2CO3, 0.5 g NaCl, 0.03 g NaNO, ad 1000 ml with aqua dest.j. After 24 h incubation at 40 C volatile nitrosamines were determined in an aliquot and determined after destination with a standard technique (GC-TEA-method). 

Applications Radiotracer measurements, which combine high sensitivity and specificity with poor spatial resolution, have been used for migration testing. For example, studies have been made on HDPE, PP and HIPS to determine effects of manufacturing conditions on migration of AOs from plastic products into a test fat [443]. Labelled antioxidant was determined radio-analytically after 10 days at 40 °C. Acosta and Sas-tre [444] have used radioactive tracer methods for the determination of styrene ethyl acrylate in a styrene ethyl acrylate copolymer. 

German body which sets legislation on compounding ingredients and migration testing for rubbers which come into contact with food. 

Europe s controversy over soft PVC toys looks set to continue after EU health experts rejected the best available method for assessing the dangers to children. The so-called Dutch migration test was designed to mimic the way phthalate softeners leak out of PVC when it is sucked or chewed. Manufacturers had hoped the EU s Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment would accept the method as a standard test for phthalate migration, allowing it to be used across the EU, but the committee ruled that the Dutch test was unreliable. It also rejected a similar test developed in the UK, and issued a list of changes that would have to be made before either... 

The term migration testing is almost universally associated with tests using food simulants (model foods) rather than testing for migration into foods. 

As one moves down the chain of use, to the converter, the packer and finally to the retailer, full disclosure of this compositional information and manufacturing history can be difficult to obtain and verify. These users will require a compliance statement from the primary manufacturer but will need also to conduct migration tests themselves to ensure that the conversion process and conditions of actual use, do not cause unacceptable migration. 

The gravimetric determination of the residue from overall migration tests or extraction tests is at the milligram scale. As mentioned above, the EU limit for overall migration is 60 mg/kg. With some caveats, measuring at these levels is relatively simple in even the most basic laboratory and official methods are well described. 

Baner, A.. Franz, R., Piringer, 0.1994. Alternative Fatty Food Simulants for Polymer Migration Testing . Chapter 2 in Food Packaging and Preservation. (M. Mathlouthi, ed.). Blackie Academic and Professional, London, presented at IFTEC symposium, 15-18 November 1992, The Hague, Netherlands. 

We are confident that sometimes in the future suitable computational approaches and powerful hardwares will be available to predict D of additives, stabilizers, monomers, dyes and/or plasticizers in polymeric materials used in packaging applications. To evaluate, if such an endeavour may help to reduce the considerable volume and costs of experimental migration testings peformed nowadays, it is necessary to consider also the following aspects. 

The whole area of specific migration determinations can be subdivided in two phases (i) the pre-analytical migration exposure phase, which is more or less identical to that necessary for overall migration determination and (ii) the pure analytical phase, where the specific migrant must be determined in the respective food or simulant as precisely and reproducibly as possible. This pure analytical migration test phase comprises many considerations to be made and includes so many technical possibilities that it deserves to be described in an own comprehensive section (see Section 10.2). 

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