Testicular tumors diagnosis

Likewise, newer immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular markers in bladder and testicular tumors are increasingly used for reaching an accurate diagnosis and classification. The following is a discussion of the utility of immunohistochemical markers, genomic applications, and prognostic aspects of urologic and testicular tumors. 

Liver metastases are rare in nonseminomatous testicular tumors and are always associated with bulky lateroaortic involved lymph nodes, and frequently with mediastinal lymph node and multiple lung metastases. Thus, local approaches often take place long after systemic chemotherapy. Survival is directly correlated with the final histopathologic diagnosis virtually all patients with fibrosis or necrosis and with mature teratoma are alive at 5 years, versus only 50% of patients when cancer cells are present [50]. For renal tumors (Wilms or adenocarcinoma), the results are satisfactory after hepatectomy and are close to those achieved for colorectal primaries [51]. For sarcomas, several series report a survival rate of approximately 20% at 5 years [52]. In the largest series in the literature [53], 11% of the patients submitted to hepatectomy for liver metastases from sarcoma were alive at 5 years, and 80% of recurrences arose in the liver. For melanoma, some rare long-term survivors have been reported [54]. Nevertheless, median overall survival improved in the resected patients versus the patients who underwent exploration but were not resected. 

---