Testicular tissue

In rats, nickel carbonyl is reported to cause dominant lethal mutations (WHO 1991), but this needs verification. Nickel sulfate, when given subcutaneously at 2.4 mg Ni/kg B W daily for 120 days causes infertility testicular tissues are adversely affected after the first injection (USEPA 1980). Nickel salts given intraperitoneally to rats at 6 mg Ni/kg BW daily for 14 days did not produce significant chromosomal changes in bone marrow or spermatogonial cells (Mathur et al. 1978). 

Balash, K.J., M.A. Al-Omer, and B.M.A. Latif. 1987. Effect of chlordane on testicular tissues of Swiss mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 434-442. 

The existence of a barrier between the blood and testes is indicated by the absence of staining in testicular tissue after the intravascular injection of dyes. Morphological studies indicate that the barrier lies beyond the capillary endothelial cells and is most likely to be found at the specialized Sertoli-Sertoli cell junction. It appears that Pgp, the efflux transporter protein, also plays a role in forming this blood-testis barrier. This protein probably plays a role in preventing certain chemotherapeutic agents from reaching specific areas of the testis and thus hinders treatment of the neoplasm. 

Serum samples and autopsy specimens were examined from two infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who had received life support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The serum levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate after 14 and 24 days of ECMO support were 26.8 and 33.5 mg/L respectively, and levels of 3.5, 1.0 and 0.4 mg/kg di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were found in liver, heart and testicular tissues, respectively, and trace quantities were found in the brain. The rate of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate extraction from the model PVC circuits was linear with time (rate, 3.5 and 4.1 mg/L per hour). The exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate for a 4-kg infant on ECMO support for 3-10 days was estimated to be 42-140 mg/kg (Shneider et al., 1989). 

The involvement of testosterone in the testicular atrophy caused by di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate was examined by co-administration of testosterone (1 mg/kg bw) subcutaneously with 2000 mg/kg bw di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [purity not specified] in groundnut oil to adult male Wistar rats for 15 days (Parmar et al., 1987). Administration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate reduced the sperm count and also significantly increased the activity of y-GT, lactate dehydrogenase and P-glucuronidase and decreased the activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase. Co-adminis-tration of testosterone seemed to normalize the sperm count and the activity of testicular enz5mies. The role of testosterone in the testicular toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate has not been fully elucidated. Several reports refer to increased or decreased testosterone levels in plasma and testicular tissue. 

J. L. Griffin, J. Troke, L. A. Walker, R. F. Shore, J. C. Lindon and J. K. Nicholson, The biochemical profile of rat testicular tissue as measured by magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, FEBS Lett., 2000, 486, 225-229. 

Also relevant to the appearance of SGG during testicular differentiation were the results of a study performed by Ishizuka and Yamakawa (47). These workers analysed the glycolipid composition of three human seminoma (testicular) tumors. Unlike the control human testicular tissue, no SGG or GG was detected in the tumors. 

The glycolipids of the testis of a number of animals have been analysed to determine whether SGG is a universal constituent of testicular tissue of all chordates. The results of these studies are summarized in Table III. 

Yousef GM, Obiezu CV, Jung K, Stephan C, Scorilas A, Diamandis EP. Differential expression of Kallikrein gene 5 in cancerous and normal testicular tissues. Urology 2002 60 714-718. 

Luo LY, Rajpert-De Meyts ER, Jung K, Diamandis EP. Expression of the normal epithelial cell-specific 1 (NES1 KLK10) candidate tumour suppressor gene in normal and malignant testicular tissue. Br J Cancer 2001 85 220-224. 

Testicular hyaluronidase is extracted from testicular tissue or semen. The crude material is homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant is subjected to direct precipitation with (NHjJiSOi rjjji nr tn Krtigntinn with HittjQ X and h niiw. followed by precipitation with ethanol [51] or (NBO2SO4 [52], Harrison, however reported a simple extraction of hyaluronidase from ram semen after... 

Behari J, Chandra SV, Tandon SK. 1978. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and hexavalent chromium to rabbits HI. Biochemical and histological changes in testicular tissue. Acta Biol Med Ger 37 463-468. 

Murthy RC, Saxena DK, Gupta SK, et al. 1991. Ultrastructural observations in testicular tissue or chromium-treated rats. Reprod Toxicol 5 443-447. 

Perez Romera E, Munoz E, Mohamed F, Dominguez S, Scardapane L, Villegas O, Garcia Aseff S, Guzman JA. Lithium effect on testicular tissue and spermatozoa of viscacha (Lagostomus maximum maximus). A comparative study with rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000 14(2) 81-3. 

GnRH (500 xg twice daily for 3 weeks) and hCG (2500 lU twice weekly for 4 to 6 weeks) have been used as treatment for cryptorchidism in stallions up to 2 years old. However, there are no publications describing controlled studies using these therapies. hCG (10 000 lU i.v.) may be used to diagnose cryptorchidism in geldings with suspected retained testicular tissue (Silberzahn et al 1989). 

FSH promotes the development of ovarian follicles lomaiu-rity as well as spennatngenesis in testicular tissue. It is a glycoprotein, and the carbohydrate component is considered to be associated wilh its activity. 

In patients with cryptorchidism or ambiguous genitalia, the identification of abdominal gonads is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment. Measurement of plasma MIS has been advocated for detecting the presence of testicular tissue. However, this test is not yet commercially... 

Another year went by, with still no results. The stress of timing sexual activity, results-oriented lovemaking, and the disappointment of constant failure began to create marital problems. Beginning to search for alternatives, they tried a nutritionist (vitamin E, zinc, raw bovine testicular tissue), a hypnotist (repeat after me, your sperm is getting lively ), and homeopathy, but nothing helped. After a third year of despair, they finally came to my office, saying I was their last hope. 

Characteristic lesions of vitamin E deficiency in animals include necrotizing myopathy (inaccurately referred to as nutritional muscular dystrophy), exudative diathesis, nutritional encephalomalacia, irreversible degeneration of testicular tissue, fetal death and resorption, hepatic necrosis, and anemia. Several of these conditions are directly related to peroxidation of unsaturated lipids in the absence of vitamin E, and others can be prevented by synthetic antioxidants or vitamin E. 

Chowdhury AR. 1996. A short review on chemically induced injury to the testicular tissue. Indian J Physiol Allied Sci 50(3) 136-144. 

Commercial preparations usually contain this type of hyaluronidase. The enzyme is found in testicular tissue of most mammals and is located in the acrosomal cap of spermatozoa [6], Testicular hyaluronidase degrades hyaluronan, chondroitin, chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfate to oligosaccharides, mainly tetrasaccharides [1]. Partial degradation of dermatan sulfate has been described [7]. Testicular hyaluronidase had a broad pH range of activity [5]. 

This deficiency is rare and was first described by Bongiovanni in 1961 (B27) and later in greater detail (B31). It is always associated with salt loss, and, as treatment with corticosteroids has little beneficial effect, it is almost invariably fatal. Due to the severity of the enzyme block in the production of androgens by the testes in early embryonic life, incomplete function of the genital structures is frequent in male infants, whereas females may be slightly virilized, possibly due to excessive production of the weak androgen DHA. The enzyme 3j8-HSD has been shown to be absent from adrenal and testicular tissues obtained from infants with this disorder (G3). 

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