Material characterization tests

MCC-1 Static Leach Test, Materials Characterization Center, submitted to the Materials Review Board, by Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle Memorial Institute,... 

The two most important areas of research when developing an injectable biomaterial for potential human use are (1) material characterization and (2) biocompatibility testing. Material characterization requires extensive rheological testing to assess a material s delivery performance and mechanical stability. The following lists summarize the general material characterization tests required by the FDA. 

NDT for and Chcu acterization of Intrinsic Properties of Engineering Importance in Structural Material s, from Proc. of the Interdisciplinary Workshop on Non-destructive Testing-Materials Characterization, sponsored by NSF, Air Force Materials Lab, North American Rockwell Science Center. Report No. AFML-TR-T3-69, Air Force Materials Lab, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, April 1973. 

Plastics testing encompasses the entire range of polymeric material characterizations, from chemical stmcture to material response to environmental effects. Whether the analysis or property testing is for quaUty control of a specific lot of plastic or for the determination of the material s response to long-term stress, a variety of test techniques is available for the researcher. 

The industry operates by using standardized procedures for testing and characterizing materials. These procedures are pubHshed and updated by the American Society for Testing Materials in consultation with interested parties in the industry. 

Certain properties of a liquid fuel are measured routinely in a laboratory for characterization purposes. Besides density and viscosity, these properties include the pour point, the cloud point, and the flash point. Standard ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) procedures are available for their determination. 

The cytolytic agent termed aponin has been characterized in terms of biological activity, and the results to date indicate a material that does not adversely affect the organisms tested. Material isolated from cultures of Nannochloris sp. also has some phytotoxic activity as evidenced by the assays with lettuce seeds, and some antifungal activity. The materials elaborated by Nannochloris sp. thus have environmental significance, but it must be admitted that the full significance of these materials, like others, remains to be fully appreciated. 

Vaccaro, J.R. et al., The use of unique study design to estimate exposure of adults and children to surface and airborne chemicals, in Tichenor, B.A., Ed., Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP1287, American Society of Testing Materials, 1996, pp. 166-183. 

The approach taken here is to employ standard materials characterization tests to measure the materials properties of the granulated product. With this information, the mechanism of attrition, i.e., breakage versus erosion, is determined. The rate of attrition can then be related, semi-empirically, to material properties of the formulation and the operating variables of the process, such as bed depth and fluidizing velocity. 

Data from attrition tests are usually presented as simple numbers called friability or attrition indices. Most of these indices are used as measures in quality control by subjecting the materials to a standard procedure. By comparing the test results with those of known materials, it is possible to give a relative characterization of the tested materials. Examples are given in Sec. 4.3. 

In view of catalytic potential applications, there is a need for a convenient means of characterization of the porosity of new catalyst materials in order to quickly target the potential industrial catalytic applications of the studied catalysts. The use of model test reactions is a characterization tool of first choice, since this method has been very successful with zeolites where it precisely reflects shape-selectivity effects imposed by the porous structure of tested materials. Adsorption of probe molecules is another attractive approach. Both types of approaches will be presented in this work. The methodology developed in this work on zeolites Beta, USY and silica-alumina may be appropriate for determination of accessible mesoporosity in other types of dealuminated zeolites as well as in hierarchical materials presenting combinations of various types of pores. 

In this context, formulation involves the preparation of synthetic test materials. A known amount or concentration of the analyte is added to a suitable material (i.e. the sample matrix) containing none of the analyte of interest (or to a material containing a very small but well characterized amount of the analyte). Such... 

However, there are a number of problems associated with this approach. It may be difficult to produce material of sufficient homogeneity owing to problems in mixing the analyte with the sample matrix. It may also be difficult to obtain a suitable blank or sufficiently well characterized test material. In addition, a synthetic material may well behave differently from a natural material. The analyte may be in a different chemical form or less strongly bound to the sample matrix. For these reasons, the formulation approach is not appropriate for many sample types. 

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, a voluntary group in which members devise consensus standards for materials characterization and use. 

Riga, A.T. and Judovits, L. 2001. Material Characterization by Dynamic and Modulated Thermal Analytical Techniques . American Society for Testing Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. Rockland, L.B. 1987. Introduction. In Water Activity Theory and Application to Foods (L.B. 

Chemical and physical properties and functional characterization of the test material. 

In such cases, it is obviously advantageous to use biorelevant dissolution tests to characterize the drug substance, to compare formulations and to make a preliminary assessment of possible food effects. However, for routine quality control work, the manufacture of media containing bile components is not only rather time-consuming but may also present difficulties in terms of quality assurance and validation of the raw materials, as is the case with many chemicals obtained from natural sources. 

Testing as a whole This may characterize the toxicity profile of the mixture and eventually verify the (presumed) safety or hazard from exposure to mixmre. One problem may be that incorporation of the test material in the diet at a sufficiently high dose may result in an unbalanced diet and nutritional deficiencies. Another problem is that most mixtures may change in chemical composition over time. 

Interlaboratoiy tests for characterization of a reference material are different. 

Brostow, W., D Souza, N., Menesses, V., and Hess, M. 2000. Polymer Characterization. Wiley, New York. Carswell, T.S. and Nason, H.K. (1944). Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Organic Plastics. Symposium on Plastics, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 

Dacheux, N., Thomas, A. C., Chassigneux, B., Pichot, E., Brandel, V. Genet, M. 1999. Study of Th4(P04)4P207 and solid solutions with U(IV), Np(IV) and Pu(IV) Synthesis, characterization, sintering and leaching test. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 556, 85-92. 

Guenther, R. J., Blahnik, D. E Campbell, T. K., Jenquin, U. P., Mendel, J. E., Thomas, L. E. Thornhill, C. K. 1988. Characterization of Spent Fuel Approved Testing Material ATM-106. Pacific Northwest Laboratory Report, Richland, WA 99352, PNL-5109-106. 

This section discusses test methods applicable to filament wound structures. As discussed earlier, filament wound structures are primarily subjected to internal and/or external pressure that is resisted by the fiber. Greater attention is therefore given to fiber-dominated stiffness/strength-dominated material characterization. 

B. Cassel and B. Twombly, Materials Characterization by Thermomechanical Analysis (A. T. Rega and C. M. Neag, eds.), ASTM STP 1136 (Philadelphia American Society for Testing and Materials, 1991), 108-119. 

This information should be included in documentation such as the certificate of analysis (CoA), test article characterization (TAC), and reference standard profile. Certified reference standards can be purchased from appropriate suppliers. If standards are not available, the recommendation is to collect or synthesize enough material, and analyze, certify, and use it as the standard. Following are some considerations ... 

Gsell, R.A., H.L. Stein, and J.J. Ploskonka Characterization and Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/ American Society for Testing. Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1998. 

---