Biomass Research and

Biomass Research and Development Initiative iolnitiative), 24 192 Biomaterial coatings, ethylene oxide polymers in, 70 688 Biomaterials, 3 707-709. See also Biomaterials, prosthetics, and biomedical devices bioresorbable polymers, 3 735-740... 

Biomass RoadMap. Biomass Research and Development Technical Advisory Committee, Washington, DC, November 2002. 

Biomass Research and Development Initiative. "Awardees for U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Integrated Biomass R D Solicitation," http //www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/awardees.pdf (accessed October 11, 2003). 

The DOE has three major offices which are active in biomass technology development and commercialization. The Biomass Energy Systems Branch and Wood Commercialization Program within the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Solar Applications are the major funders of biomass projects in DOE. In addition, DOE provides funds to the Solar Energy Research Institute for biomass research and development activities. Presently, DOE funding is focused on the production, conversion, and/or utilization of biomass, rather than on programs which focus upon a particular type of biomass or industry segment. Industry executives felt that the impact of... 

In the United States, a strong motivation has developed in the past decade to reduce the nation s dependence on imported oil and to increase their own energy supplies by using a more diverse mix of domestic resources. A Presidential Order triggered a series of initiatives for the promotion of the use of renewable resources in 1999. The Biomass Research and Development Act in 2000 led to the establishment of the Biomass Research and Development Technical Advisory Committee, which issued the vision for bioenergy and biobased products in the United States and the roadmap for biomass technologies in the United States. ... 

X. Cao, Y. Habibi, W. L. Esteves Magalhaes, O. J. Rojas, and L. A. Lucia, Cellulose nanocrys-tals-based nanocomposites Fruits of a novel biomass research and teaching platform. Curr. Sci. 100, 1172-1176(2011). 

Biomass Research and Development Technical Advisory Comitee, Vision for Bioenergy Biobased Products in The United States, October 2002. 

For example, US Public Law 106-224 Biomass Research and Development Act of 2000 . Hatakeyama, H., Hayashi, E., and Haraguchi, T., 1977, Biodegradation of poly(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy styrene). Polymer 18 759-763. 

USDOE Roadmap for Biomass Technologies in the United States. [Internet]. Biomass Research and Development Initiative, Department of Eneigy. [Accessed 27 December 2010]. Available at wwwl.eere. energy.gov/biomass/pdfs/obp roadmapv2 web.pdf. 

Alternative feedstocks for petrochemicals have been the subject of much research and study over the past several decades, but have not yet become economically attractive. Chemical producers are expected to continue to use fossil fuels for energy and feedstock needs for the next 75 years. The most promising sources which have received the most attention include coal, tar sands, oil shale, and biomass. Near-term advances ia coal-gasification technology offer the greatest potential to replace oil- and gas-based feedstocks ia selected appHcations (10) (see Feedstocks, coal chemicals). 

Another biofuel of importance is wood. The Forest Service, which is part of USDA, administers national forest lands for the sale of wood for wood fuel. Besides determining the quantity of wood fuel to bring to market by collecting and analyzing statistics on woody biomass supply and use, the Forest Sendee sponsors forest biomass energy-related research in conjunction tvitli federal and state agencies, as well as universities. 

The present chapter discusses aspects, known by the authors, of (a) biomass as feedstock, (b) the concept of bio-refinery, (c) thermochemical routes from lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, and (d) the contribution of catalytic technology. The main focus will be on the catalytic conversion of fast pyrolysis oil into fuels with regard to problems encountered currently and the challenges for future research and development. 

The literature on biomass fast pyrolysis is quite extensive and excellent research and technology reviews are available [51-55]. For an optimal fast pyrolysis process in terms of organic liquid yield the temperature is around 500 °C the biomass particle size should be small (<5 mm). 

MARCHAIM, U., and CRIDEN, J. Research and development in the utilization of agricultural wastes in Israel for energy, feedstock fodder, and industrial products. In D.L.Wise (Ed), Fuel Gas Production from Biomass . Vol. 1, CRC Press Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 95-120, 1981. 

Gort R., On the Propagation of a Reaction Front in a Packed Bed - Thermal conversion of municipal solid waste and biomass, PhD Thesis, University Twente in Enschede, Dept of Environmental Sciences, Energy Research, and Process Innovation of TNO, the Netherlands, (1995). 

Of course, the pharmaceutical industry is not the only sector in which process engineering is needed to enhance national security and homeland defense. Also, other areas of process engineering such as model development, optimization schemes, on-line control, catalyst development, new separation methods, biomass conversion, and models using multiple length scales are equally important to include in research efforts. 

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