Solar applications

J. E. Clifford and E. W. Brooman, Asessment of Nickel—Hydrogen Batteries for Terrestrial Solar Applications, SAND80-7191, Sandia National Laboratories, 1981. 

Table 1 of a paper by Murr (2) lists problems and/or concerns related to specific interface materials and specific components of SECS. In Table 2 of the same work, he related topical study areas and/or research problems to S/S, S/L, S/G, L/L, and L/G interfaces. It is also useful to divide interface science into specific topical areas of study and consider how these will apply to interfaces in solar materials. These study areas are thin films grain, phase, and interfacial boundaries oxidation and corrosion adhesion semiconductors surface processes, chemisorption, and catalysis abrasion and erosion photon-assisted surface reactions and photoelectrochemistry and interface characterization methods. The actual or potential solar applications, research issues and/or concerns, and needs and opportunities are presented in the proceedings of a recent Workshop (4) and summarized in a recent review (3). 

All of these studies are of great interest in extending the range of solar applications of Ti02 photocatalysis (see Sec. IV.B.l). 

Analogously, comparisons of plates coated by Ti02 or plates onto which a Ti02 aqueous suspension is flown showed a better efficiency for the suspension (128). Hence, the use of the suspension was recommended for a solar application water was treated during the day, the Ti02 slurry was allowed to settle at night, and the supernatant water was reused in the industrial process on the following day while another water batch was treated. 

Bahnemann D, Bockelmann D, Goslich R, Hilgendorff M. Photocatalytic detoxification of polluted aquifers novel catalysts and solar applications. In Helz GR, Zepp RG, Crosby DG, eds. Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry. Boca Raton, FL Lewis, 1994 349-67. 

The whole field received a new impetus after the first oil crisis, when Fujishima and Honda reported on the photoelectrolysis of water at Ti02-electrodes [13], Whereas, before the oil crisis, most basic models and results had been published only by 3-4 research groups in the world, many other scientists entered the field after this crisis and studied solar applications, and hundreds of papers were published. Since then, many processes at semiconductor electrodes have been studied more quantitatively by using not only standard electrochemical methods, but also new techniques, such as spectroscopic surface analysis (see e.g. [12]). Naturally, photoeffects played a dominant role in these investigations. These were not only restricted to reactions induced by light excitation within the semiconductor electrode [11], but were also extended to the excitation of adsorbed dye molecules [14,15]. 

The feedstock silicon for FZ growth has to be of high purity and structural perfection and is rather expensive. The development of low-cost feed rods is crucial for the commercial terrestrial solar application. 

This work was completed through U.S. DOE contract Number EM-78-D-01-5136 The overall management and direction of the project is under the Urban Waste Technology Program (D. Walter, Chief), Office of Conservation and Solar Applications. The technical monitor of the Project is Cynthia M. Powers, Argonne National Laboratories. 

Microstructured Polymer Surfaces with Complex Optical Functions for Solar Applications... 

Abstract In solar applications microstructured polymer surfaces can be used as optically functional devices. Examples are antireflective surfaces, dayUghting, sun protection systems, concentrator photovoltaic modules and light trapping structures in organic solar cells. The examples and the principles of function of the respective microstmctures are described in detail. The suitability of different manufacturing methods is discussed. Two of them, ultraprecision machining and interference lithography are described. For the latter experimental results are shown. Finally, the opportunities and the risks of the shown approaches are discussed. 

Keywords Interference hthography. Microstructures, surfaces. Replication, Solar applications... 

Office of Industrial Programs, Conservation and Solar Applications,... 

SOCIAL BENEFITS TO RESIDENTIAL SOLAR APPLICATIONS WITH AND V/ITHOUT AN R D PROGRAM IN ENERGY STORAGE... 

DOUGLAS HARVEY is Director of Industrial Programs under the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Conservation and Solar Applications, Department of Energy. He has been involved directly in the management of the DOE/ERDA programs concerned with the commercialization of industrial conservation technology for over four years. 

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