Technically-Important Properties

The many uses of egg products are basically a result of three properties of eggs coagulation when heated foaming ability (whippability) and emulsifying properties. The coloring ability and aroma of egg should also be mentioned. 

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Hot tack strength is the abiUty of a heat-seal layer to hold together while molten, before the seal cools and sets up. This is a technically important property which is difficult to measure reproducibly in the laboratory. Owing to the reinforcing effect of ionic bonding on melt strength, ionomer sealing layers provide superior performance in a wide spectmm of appHcations. 

Many experimentally accessible and technically important properties of macromolecules do not depend directly on the number of macromolecules in a sample but rather on their respective masses, w,. Thus a weight-average molecular weight (w = average weight) is defined as ... 

Second Floor. A large number of adjustment tanks (h) of different sizes are used. The mixed pastes are metered from the paste mixers (g) into mobile containers and then added to the adjustment tanks. Formulation of the paste mixture or dispersion is completed in the adjustment tank by adding Aim-former solutions, solvents, and additives. The product is sampled, tested, and adjusted (e.g., colour, viscosity, other technically important properties). 

Poly Hi Solidur Plastics India Limited [4] developed products for use on the Indian Railways based on ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE Hoechst s Hostalen GUR). The base polymer is mixed with patented additives and uses a computer controlled sintering process and sophisticated fabrication methods to produce a material which is claimed to have much higher values for a number of technically important properties such as wear, chemical and water resistance, impact strength and dynamic coefficient of friction. The growth of the market for UHMWPE products is briefly discussed, and the applications targeted by Poly Hi Solidur Plastics are discussed. 

Small micelles in dilute solution close to the CMC are generally beheved to be spherical. Under other conditions, micellar materials can assume stmctures such as oblate and prolate spheroids, vesicles (double layers), rods, and lamellae (36,37). AH of these stmctures have been demonstrated under certain conditions, and a single surfactant can assume a number of stmctures, depending on surfactant, salt concentration, and temperature. In mixed surfactant solutions, micelles of each species may coexist, but usually mixed micelles are formed. Anionic-nonionic mixtures are of technical importance and their properties have been studied (38,39). 

There are destructive and nondestructive tests (NDTs) (2). Most important, they are essential for determining the performance of plastic materials to be processed and of the finished fabricated products. Testing refers to the determination by technical means properties and performances. This action, when possible, should involve application of established scientific principles and procedures. It requires specifying what requirements are to be met. There are many different tests (thousands) that can be conducted that relate to practically any material or product requirement. Usually only a few will be applicable to meet your specific application. Examples of these tests will be presented. 

Rotations around torsional barriers induce changes in chain conformation. For conjugated systems like polydiacetylenes, flow-induced changes in chain conformation can have a profound influence on the photon absorption and electronic conductivity properties of the material [73]. Flow-induced changes in molecular conformation form the basis for several technically important processes, the best known examples are the production of oriented fibers by gel spinning [74], the compatibility enhancement [75] and the shear-induced modification of polymer morphology [76]. 

Alpha-quartz has many useful properties which lead to its wide use in industry as a glass, ceramic and molecular sieve. However, undoubtedly its most technically important use occurs by virtue of its piezo-electric properties, which allow it to be used as a frequency regulating device in satellites, computers, and the ubiquitous quartz-watch . Unfortunately, it has been found that quartz crystals are susceptible to damage by radiation, and that this is associated with the presence of defects in the crystal lattice. These defects, particularly aluminum and hydrogen, are grown into the crystal and so far have proved impossible to remove. This problem has been the cause of intensive research, which has led to some information on the possible types of defects involved, but has failed to produce details of their geometries, and the way in which they interact. 

The Pt-Rn catalysts have another important property. In contrast to pure platinum, they are almost insensitive to poisoning by carbon monoxide CO. They can be used, therefore, in the hydrogen electrodes of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells operated with technical hydrogen containing marked amonnts of CO. 

Surface properties such as the absorptional ability and the wettability of minerals are again of significant technical importance. On the wettability scale, as for example, minerals are classified as hydrophilic minerals (which are easily wetted by water) and hydrophobic minerals (which are not wetted by water). Hydrophobicity is very helpful in obtaining enrichment of ores by flotation. 

A technical important finding by X-ray powder spectroscopy was carried out with the polymorphous P.R.170. It exist in three crystal modifications, two of which (a and y) are commercially available the a-phase is a bluish red [3], the y-phasc is a yellowish red [4], each with very different application properties. 

Alkyl ether sulfates are/after alkyl benzene sulfonates(LAS),the group of technically important anionic surfactants with the largest production voluJne and product value. They have in comparison with other anionic surfactants special properties which are based on the particular structure of the molecule. These are expressed,for example,in the general adsorption properties at different interfaces, and in the Krafft-Point. Alkyl ether sulfates may be used under conditions, at which the utilization of other surfactant classes is very limited. They possess particularly favorable interfacial and application properties in mixtures with other surfactants. The paper gives a review of all important mechanisms of action and properties of interest for application. 

Technically important electrochemical reactions of pyrrole and thiophene involve oxidation in non-nucleophilic solvents when the radical-cation intermediates react with the neutral molecule causing polymer growth [169, 191], Under controlled conditions polymer films can be grown on the anode surface from acetonitrile. Tliese films exhibit redox properties and in the oxidised, or cation doped state, are electrically conducting. They can form the positive pole of a rechargeable battery system. Pyrroles with N-substituents are also polymerizable to form coherent films [192], Films have been constructed to support electroactive transition metal centres adjacent to the electrode surface fomiing a modified electrode,... 

An important property of the multicomponent catalysts was that with highly purified gases, they remained active over long periods, a fact which greatly helped their practical usage for the technical ammonia synthesis. 

Crystalline polymers exhibit the following basic properties They are opaque as long as the size of the crystallites or spherulites, respectively, lies above the wavelength of light. Their solubility is restricted to few organic solvents at elevated temperature. The following crystalline polymers have attained technical importance as thermoplastic materials polyethylene, polypropylene, aliphatic polyamides, aliphatic/aromatic polyamides, aliphatic/aromatic polyesters, poly-oxymethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(arylene ether ketone)s. 

Even before the above facts and structural considerations were generally appreciated by chemists, some of the polyphosphates, such as Graham s salt and the triphosphate, for example, had acquired major technical importance 90, 91,127,129, 249). About thirty years ago the study of condensed phosphates was taken up from many sides in attempts to determine their structures and, from their structures, to understand their properties. Preparative methods, physico-chemical investigations and theoretical considerations were all brought into play in order to develop this branch of inorganic chemistry to a point where, today, the perspective is clear and we can regard it as well-investigated. 

Theoretical understanding of the properties of polymers has improved greatly in the last two decades or so. If attention is confined to linear polymers in solution or in the melt, it may be considered that most of their properties can be explained and even within limits predicted even for linear polymers, many properties of the technically important solid state are still rather intractable. However, as this review shows, when theories that appear to apply well to linear polymers are extended to branched ones, agreement with experiment is far less satisfactory. Thus a crucial test of a theory, though a severe one, is to apply it to branched polymers. 

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