Frequency regulation

Alpha-quartz has many useful properties which lead to its wide use in industry as a glass, ceramic and molecular sieve. However, undoubtedly its most technically important use occurs by virtue of its piezo-electric properties, which allow it to be used as a frequency regulating device in satellites, computers, and the ubiquitous quartz-watch . Unfortunately, it has been found that quartz crystals are susceptible to damage by radiation, and that this is associated with the presence of defects in the crystal lattice. These defects, particularly aluminum and hydrogen, are grown into the crystal and so far have proved impossible to remove. This problem has been the cause of intensive research, which has led to some information on the possible types of defects involved, but has failed to produce details of their geometries, and the way in which they interact. 

Inverter output frequency regulation typically plus or minus 0.5%... 

Apparatus. All electrical resistances were measured with an electrolytic conductivity bridge (Leeds and Northrup model 4666) which was constructed according to specifications set forth by Jones (28) and described by Dike (29). The audio-frequency source was a General Radio Co. type 1311-A audio oscillator used with the frequency regulated at 1000 Hz and the output at about 5 V. The detector circuit consisted of a high-gain low-noise tuned amplifier and null detector (General Radio Co. type 1232-A) and an oscilloscope (Heathkit model O-ll) ... 

The probe can be tuned to give optimum performance (tuning here is the process whereby the entire probe assembly is brought into resonance with the transducer). Modern equipment is normally fitted with an automatic frequency regulator. 

Frequency Regulation Continuous and instantaneous balancing of supply and demand on an electrical grid. 

Stable electrical characteristics for the load (1) output voltage and frequency regulation, (2) ideal sine wave output, and (3) true 120° phase shift for three-phase models. 

The EPSS should generate power that is essentially equal in quality to the power of the normal source. Requirements such as frequency regulation, voltage regulation, waveform deviation, harmonic content, and noise interference define the quality of the emergency power. 

FIGURE 37.2 (a) Weekly load curve of electric-utility generation mix with energy storage. b) Test regime typical of frequency regulation and spinning reserve application fcr electric utilities. (Courtesy of Sandia National Laboratories. See Ref. 4.)... 

Also similar to vacuum plasma regimes, the ionization of atmospheric chemical plasma process gases is accomplished by applying an energy field using one of three source frequencies regulated by the federal government ... 

A power grid (transmission network) must fulfill a control task in the system. This control involves supplying electricity to consumers exactly at the quantity for which there is demand at that time. This implies a need to predict the annual and daily demand for electricity while retaining a margin of tolerance. A more accurate adjustment is achieved by maintaining basic dynamic parameters of the network (voltage and frequency regulation). 

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