Syriae

Covers all land eastwards to the Urals, southwards to North Africa and up to Syria, Iraq and Iran. Scale - 1 5,500,000, 4-colour artwork. Features main roads, railways, oil and gas pipelines, plus extra information including national flags, currencies and populations. 

Cumin Seed. Cumin spice is the dried ripe fmit of Cuminum cyminum L. (UmbeUiferae). The seed-Uke fmit is elongated about 0.31 to 0.63 cm and is yeUowish brown. It is native to upper Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean, but is now cultivated in Pakistan, Turkey, India, China, and Syria. It has a strong pecuhar aroma and flavor, pleasing to some and offensive to others. Cumin seed is used in chutney and curry, chili powders, chili con came, cheeses, and the pickling of cabbage. 

Rose. Rose is one of the most important florals ia perfumery, the most valuable derivatives of which are produced from Rosa damascena, which is grown principally ia Bulgaria, but also ia Russia, Turkey, Syria, India, and Morocco. The concrete, absolute, and steam-distilled essential oil (rose otto) are particularly valuable perfume iagredients. Careful handling and processiag of freshly picked flowers are required to produce these materials of warm, deeply floral, and rich odor quaUty. They are complex mixtures of which citroneUol (9), geraniol (8), phenethyl alcohol [60-12-8] (21), and P-damascenone [23726-93 ] (22) (trace component) are important odor constituents. 

Coffee was originally consumed as a food in ancient Abyssinia and was presumably first cultivated by the Arabians in about 575 AD (1). By the sixteenth century it had become a popular drink in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. The name coffee is derived from the Turkish pronunciation, kahveh, of the Arabian word gahweh signifying an infusion of the bean. Coffee was introduced as a beverage in Europe early in the seventeenth century and its use spread quickly. In 1725, the first coffee plant in the western hemisphere was planted on Martinique, West Indies. Its cultivation expanded rapidly and its consumption soon gained wide acceptance. 

The Africa/Middle-East Working Group represents Crop Protection Industiy Associations in Cameroun, Cote d Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Morocco and Syria. 

The ratio of total water use to water availability under water stress can be defined as Water scarcity (in % = total water use/water availability). It will generally range between 0 and 100%, but can in exceptional cases (e.g. groundwater mining) be above a 100%. For example, this ratio is in Algeria 39.8%, in Egypt 105.8%, in Jordan 114.5%, in Lebanon 33.4%, in Morocco 42.2%, in Syria 75.3%, and in Tunisia 56.6 [6]. 

To promote the use of poor quality water for irrigation, a field research study was conducted in three semi-arid regions with water scarceness in Syria in order to define, under field conditions, the wheat yield response function to irrigation water salinity, the effect of soil texture and structural characteristics on the irrigation water salinity threshold, and to compare this value with the conventional threshold value. 

These results underline the necessity of establishing regional water quality criteria when planning the use of saline water sources for irrigation. These criteria are of primary importance for establishing suitable strategies for the safe use of saline aquifers in Syria and other arid and semi-arid regions. 

To enable comparison to this experimental approach, archaeological human bones of various ages and soil properties (Table 9.1) from the Anthropological Collection in Munich were analyzed. All German skeletal series come from humic soil with, neutral to slightly basic pH. The samples from Tinkey, Syria, coastal Pern and Egypt have been buried in dry, sandy soils. Soil samples from most of the excavation sites were available and bone sample... 

Ghaleb B, Hillaire-Marcel C, Causse C, Gariepy C, Vallieres S (1990) Fractionation and recycling of U and Th isotopes in a semi-arid endoreeic depression of central Syria. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 1025-1035... 

More than 200 engineers and scientists participated in the development of EPIC and more than 50 publications describe testing and use of the model.70 EPIC is in use by the Natural Resource and Conservation Service the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA Iowa State Texas A M Washington State in Australia Syria Jordan Canada Germany Taiwan and other countries and universities around the world. 

As well as three other flash points. Turkey /Syria Turkey / Iran and Azerbaijan/ Iran. 

FIGURE 38 Lead coffin. Lead coffin (first—third centuries c.E.) from Jerusalem, Israel. Lead, widely used in many ancient civilizations, was one of the first metals to be recovered from its ores. Lead objects date back from as early as the seventh century b.c.e. In Mesopotamia molten lead was used to fasten bolts and shafts into masonry. In Syria it was made into rods used as currency, and in Greece it was cast into coins. During the Roman Empire the use of lead become so widespread that the health hazards caused by lead exposure are suspected to have been one of the factors affecting the fall of the Roman Empire. Since it is very resistant to corrosion, lead was also used by the Romans, for making coffins as the one illustrated. 

Damascus steel, also known in the Western world as Damascene steel, is a special type of steel that was and is still used to make sward and knifeblades. Apparently, Damascus steel was first made in India, where it was known as wootz or kuft, and later (during the second century b.c.e.) it was developed in Persia. The name "Damascus steel" was used by the Crusaders to describe the steel used by sword smiths of Damascus, Syria, famous for their ability to hammer and temper the steel into fine blades. The sword blades made from the steel had a reputation for their exceptional properties, especially their toughness, the retention of their cutting edge, as well as for a particular and characteristic decorative pattern on their surface (Figiel 1991). 

Mn oats, rye, wheat, rice, maize, peas, soy beans potatoes, cotton, tobacco, sugarbeet, tea, sugar-cane, pineapples, pecan, peaches, spinach, citrus, a number of forest trees South Australia, Indian, Syria, Pakistan, North China Plain, North West China... 

Manganese deficiency has been reported to occur on the coast calcareous soils of South Australia. Manganese deficiency may also occur in the soils of India, Syria, and Pakistan (Table 7.8). In China,... 

Ryan J, Masri S., Garabet S. Geographical distribution of soil test values in Syria and their relationship with crop response. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 1996 27 1579-1593. 

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