Synthetic resins phenol

A frequently cited example of protection from atmospheric corrosion is the Eiffel Tower. The narrow and, for that age, thin sections required a good priming of red lead for protection against corrosion. The top coat was linseed oil with white lead, and later coatings of ochre, iron oxide, and micaceous iron oxide were added. Since its constmction the coating has been renewed several times [29]. Modern atmospheric corrosion protection uses quick-drying nitrocellulose, synthetic resins, and reaction resins (two-component mixes). The chemist Leo Baekeland discovered the synthetic material named after him, Bakelite, in 1907. Three years later the first synthetic resin (phenol formaldehyde) proved itself in a protective paint. A new materials era had dawned. 

Mat r industries use phenolic materials in their manufacturing processes. Phenol is also used in the production of dmgs, weed killers, and synthetic resins. Phenol and its derivatives are present in the wastewaters of industries such as cooking, pulp mills, paint and dyes, wine distilleries, oil and gasoline, synthetic rabber, textiles, pharmaceuticals, solvent, manufacture of pesticides, paper, and wood etc. [1]. 

Coal-tar, crude and intermediates Finished coal-tar products Plastic materials and synthetic resins Phenolic plastics Casein and celluloid... 

Synthetic Resins (Phenol-Aldehyde Type) for the Manufacture of Boards, Tubes, and Cylinders, 1932. 

Laminated Synthetic Resin Bonded Sheet (Fabric Base) for Use as Gear Material, 1936. 771, Synthetic Resin (Phenolic) Moulding Materials, 1948. 

Synthetic resins (phenol formaldehydes, glycerol phthalates, glycol sebacates, etc.)... 

Ammonia is used in the fibers and plastic industry as the source of nitrogen for the production of caprolactam, the monomer for nylon 6. Oxidation of propylene with ammonia gives acrylonitrile (qv), used for the manufacture of acryHc fibers, resins, and elastomers. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), produced from ammonia and formaldehyde, is used in the manufacture of phenoHc thermosetting resins (see Phenolic resins). Toluene 2,4-cHisocyanate (TDI), employed in the production of polyurethane foam, indirectly consumes ammonia because nitric acid is a raw material in the TDI manufacturing process (see Amines Isocyanates). Urea, which is produced from ammonia, is used in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde synthetic resins (see Amino resins). Melamine is produced by polymerization of dicyanodiamine and high pressure, high temperature pyrolysis of urea, both in the presence of ammonia (see Cyanamides). 

Synthetic resins, such as phenoHc and cresyUc resins (see Phenolic resins), are the most commonly used friction material binders, and are usually modified with drying oils, elastomer, cardanol [37330-39-5] an epoxy, phosphoms- or boron-based compounds, or even combinations of two. They ate prepared by the addition of the appropriate phenol and formaldehyde [50-00-0] in the presence of an acidic or basic catalyst. Polymerization takes place at elevated temperatures. Other resin systems are based on elastomers (see Elastomers, synthetic), drying oils, or combinations of the above or other polymers. 

Most ion exchangers in large-scale use are based on synthetic resins—either preformed and then chemically reacted, as for polystyrene, or formed from active monomers (olefinic acids, amines, or phenols). Natural zeolites were the first ion exchangers, and both natural and synthetic zeolites are in use today. 

Whereas celluloid was the first plastics material obtained by chemical modification of a polymer to be exploited, the phenolics were the first commercially successful fully synthetic resins. It is interesting to note that in 1963, by a merger of two subsidiary companies of the Union Carbide and the Distillers organisations, there was formed the Bakelite Xylonite Company, an intriguing marriage of two of the earliest names in the plastics industry. 

The phenolic resins may be considered to be the first polymeric products produced commercially from simple compounds of low molecular weight, i.e they were the first truly synthetic resins to be exploited. Their early development has been dealt with briefly in Chapter 1 and more fully elsewhere. ... 

A few synthetic substituted phenols are also used in the manufacture of oil-soluble resins. They include p-tert-butylphenol, / -tert-amylphenol, p-tert-octylphenol, /7-phenylphenol and dihydroxyphenylpropane (bis-phenol A). 

In this section the rosins and rosin derivative resins, coumarone-indene and hydrocarbon resins, polyterpene resins and phenolic resins will be considered. The manufacture and structural characteristics of natural and synthetic resins will be first considered. In a second part of this section, the characterization and main properties of the resins will be described. Finally, the tackifier function of resins in rubbers will be considered. 

Synthetic resins form the heart of the paint industry. The tw o main types of synthetic resins are condensation polymers and addition polymers. Condensation polymers, formed by condensation of like or unlike molecules into a new, more complex compound, include polyesters, phenolics.. iniino resins, polyurethane, and epoxies. Addition polymers include polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, and the acrylates,... 

The current practice is to classify as oil varnishes all varnishes and paint media prepared from drying oils and natural or preformed oil-free synthetic resins. Examples of such resins are rosin, rosin-modified phenolics and oil-soluble 100% phenolics. The introduction of the resin results in improved drying and film properties. 

Synthetic resins Acrylic Alkyd. Chiorobenzols Chlorodiphenyls Chloro-naphthalenes Chlorophenols Cumaron Epoxies Melamine formaldehyde Phenol formaldehyde Polyesters Sulphonamide formaldehyde Urea formaldehyde Urethane Vinyl Others Enzymes derived from B. subtilis... 

In general, the acid-sorbing resins may be classified as high molecular weight polyamines or polyimines. Thus, the original Adams and Holmes material was a polymer of m-phenylenediamine. Cation Exchange materials include synthetic resins, such as sulfonated phenol-formaldehyde or polystyrene types, and sulfonated coal. Some manufacturers have a variety of sub-types which are considered superior for particular applications. 

Technical Importance of the Aldehydes.—Formalin solution is used as a disinfectant and as a preservative. Caseinogen hardened with formaldehyde is a widely used substitute for vulcanite, as is also the synthetic resin bakelite, which is produced by the condensation of formaldehyde with phenol (p. 243). 

The technical uses of phenol are important, particularly in the manufacture of salicylic add (Chap. VI. 4, p. 249), and in that of the valuable synthetic resins of the bakelite type (condensation with formaldehyde). Under mild conditions phenol may be caused to combine with formaldehyde giving p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol ... 

Phenol is both a man-made chemical and produced naturally. It is found in nature in some foods and in human and animal wastes and decomposing organic material. The largest single use of phenol is as an intermediate in the production of phenolic resins. However, it is also used in the production of caprolactam (which is used in the manufacture of nylon 6 and other synthetic fibers) and bisphenol A (which is used in the manufacture of epoxy and other resins). Phenol is also used as a slimicide (a chemical toxic to bacteria and fungi characteristic of aqueous slimes), as a disinfectant, and in medicinal preparations such as over-the-counter treatments for sore throats. Phenol ranks in the top 50 in production volumes for chemicals produced in the United States. Chapters 3 and 4 contain more information. 

Uses Preparation of sodium and butyl benzoates, benzoyl chloride, phenol, caprolactum, and esters for perfume and flavor industry plasticizers manufacture of alkyl resins preservative for food, fats, and fatty oils seasoning tobacco dentifrices standard in analytical chemistry antifungal agent synthetic resins and coatings pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations plasticizer manufacturing (to modify resins such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, phenol-formaldehyde). 

Iditol. A synthetic resin obtained by the condensation of phenol formaldehyde. It is used as a binder in many Russian pyrotechnics Ref Gorst (1957), 162... 

Lac became an important component of decorative and protective finishes by the nineteenth century. It is ironic that the success of shellac led to the synthetic resin industry. Baekeland developed phenolic resins while trying to find a substitute for shellac. 

Synthetic Resins. Various polymers and resins are utilized to produce some specialty carbon products such as glassy carbon or carbon foam and as treatments for carbon products. Typical resins include phenolics, furan-based polymers, and polyurethanes. These materials give good yields of carbon on pyrolysis and generally carbonize directly from the thermoset polymer state. Because they form little or no mesophase, the ultimate carbon end product is nongraphitizing. 

Bakelite, A synthetic resin obtained by the condensation of formaldehyde with phenols. 

CA 20, 1141(1926)(Description of chlorate expls used in Russia) F)A.C.Scott Mexco, Ltd, BritP 248089(1926) CA 21, 652(1927) (Crysts of O-carrying substs, such as K chlorate are coated with synthetic resin such as may be formed from a phenol, a phenol formaldehyde, or from urea or thiourea. Other ingredients such as MNN, DNT, a perchlorate or woodmeal may be added) G)Dr. Roman, NC 3, l6l-3(1932)(Compn props of some chlorate... 

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