Synthetic anions

III. RAW MATERIALS AND INITIAL PRODUCTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC ANIONIC SURFACTANTS... 

The most important initial products for the production of the synthetic anionic surfactants are... 

Not only the linear Cl0-Cl8 a-olefins but also the linear C10-Cl8 olefins with internal double bonds, the so-called -v /-olefins, are of great importance in surfactant chemistry, n-a-Olefins and n-y-olefins have the same suitability for the manufacture of linear alkylbenzenes, the most important synthetic anionic surfactants, by alkylation of benzene. Nowadays medium molecular weight n- /-olefins are industrially produced by two processes the catalytic dehydrogenation of the corresponding n-alkanes [4,28] and the cometathesis of low and high molecular weight n-v /-olefins, obtained by double-bond isomerization of the isomeric n-a-olefins [29]. 

Titration Procedure, ISO 2771, 1972. Synthetic Anionic Active Matter in Detergents by... 

B. Tavitian, S. Marzabal, V. Boutet, B. Kuhnast, S. Terrazzino, M. Moynier, F. Dolle, J.R. Deverre, A.R. Thierry, Characterization of a synthetic anionic vector for oligonucleotide delivery using in vivo whole body dynamic imaging, Pharm. Res. 19 (2002) 367-376. 

In contrast with soaps, virtually all die synthetic anionic and nonionic surfactants do not form readily visible insolubles in the presence of the Ca++ and Mg-+ ions present in many water supplies—the familiar scum, curd, and lime soap of the laundry soap era. This property, in combination with the discovery that the detergency performance of many synthetic surfactants could be greatly augmented by the addition of certain phosphate chelating agents, led to the "detergent revolution" in the laundry-product field. Sec also Surfactants. 

Special Issue 35 Years of Synthetic Anion Receptor Chemistry, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2003, 240(1-2). 

The growing interest in other categories of nanoparticles, such as synthetic anionic layered silicates, CNTs, nano-oxides or -hydroxides, metallic phosphates, etc., has materialized either through the study of combinations of those nanoparticles with layered silicates or with metal hydroxides or phosphorus FRs. Such combinations are also detailed in Section 12.3. Nevertheless, for some combinations, interpretations of the possible interactions between components are sometimes missing or not completely detailed. 

New developments in the use of silicates to improve flame retardancy have arisen from the use of synthetic anionic clays that correspond to the family of lamellar mixed metal hydroxides, commonly named layered double hydroxides (LDH) or hydrotalcite-like compounds.17... 

Owing to the multiple combinations involving interfacial compatibilizers and char promoter agents, including various polymers, this category of FR systems appears promising and yet able to meet industrial demand based on the association of excellent FR and mechanical properties. Moreover, the emergence of synthetic anionic clays, like LDHs, offers new possible combinations. 

In this area, recent unrelated efforts of the groups of Bhattacharya and Fife toward the development of new aggregate and polymer-based DAAP catalysts deserve mention. Bhattacharya and Snehalatha [22] report the micellar catalysis in mixtures of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with synthetic anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic 4,4 -(dialkylamino)pyridine functional surfactant systems, lb-c and 2a-b. Mixed micelles of these functional surfactants in CTAB effectively catalyze cleavage of various alkanoate and phosphotriester substrates. Interestingly these catalysts also conform to the Michaelis-Menten model often used to characterize the efficiency of natural enzymes. These systems also demonstrate superior catalytic activity as compared to the ones previously developed by Katritzky and co-workers (3 and 4). 

Therias, S. and Mousty, C. (1995). Electrodes modified with synthetic anionic clays. Appl. Clay Sci. 10, 147. 

Reichle, W. T. (1985). Catalytic reactions by thermally activated, synthetic, anionic clay minerals. J. Catal. 94, 547. 

Crestini, C., Saladino, R., Tagliatesta, P., and Boschi, T., Biomimetic degradation of lignin and lignin model compounds by synthetic anionic and cationic water soluble manganese and iron porphyrins. Bioorganic Medicinal Chem 1999, 7 (9), 1897-1905. 

After vacuuming, the dyes are tested first with distilled water and a detergent solution in this instance, with a l%-2% solution of Orvus, a neutral synthetic anionic detergent. Each color is tested with an eye dropper and blotting paper (Figure 13). The blotting paper is placed... 

Both hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactants can be used to stabilize the polymeric nanoparticles. Generally the lipophilic surfactant is a natural lecithin of relatively low phosphotidylcholine content, whereas the hydrophilic one is synthetic anionic (lauryl sulfate), cationic (quaternary ammonium), or more commonly nonionic [poly(oxyethylene)-poly(propylene)glycol]. Nanoparticles can be prepared in the absence of surfactants, but there are lots more chances to get aggregated during storage. 

Poly(e-caprolactone) Synthetic Anionic, cationic, free-radical, ringopening polymerization Soluble in select organic solvents such as chloroform, dichlorome thane... 

So recently more and more groups have become involved in the design of synthetic anion receptors. These topics are covered by several reviews [23], and a representative selection may illustrate the field (Scheme 12). Lehn and... 

Aqueous pH alters the protein charge property and affects the extraction efficiency. Haemoglobin (Mw 64,500, pi 6.8) is a difficult protein in terms of being able to completely extract it into reverse micelles. The representative anionic surfactant, di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), cannot extract it, and gives rise to an interfacial precipitate. In contrast, we succeeded in the complete extraction of haemoglobin using synthetic anionic surfactants, dioleyl phosphoric acid (DOLPA), as seen in... 

Hammerton, C. (1955) Observations of the decay of synthetic anionic detergents in natural water. J. Appl. Chem. 5, 517-524. 

The first synthetic anion receptor (1) was based on a protonated nitrogen system (1). Compound 1 was shown to bind anions in the cavity in a katapi-nate manner (with the hydrogen atoms pointed inward toward the anion) (2). The source of interaction with anions in such a system is therefore twofold electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. Many protonated polyammoniuni... 

Separation of Acidic Amino Acids by Means of a Synthetic Anion... 

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