Dynamic imaging

X-ray imagers consist of a phosphor in direct contact with the surface of an array of a-Si H photodiodes. The device is a matrix-addressed array, in which each imaging pixel consists of a photodiode and a TFT [647-649]. These X-ray imagers are very suitable for static and dynamic imaging in medical diagnosis. 

The dynamic imaging mode can be further classified into two subcategories intermittent contact mode (also known as tapping mode) and noncontact mode. In both techniques, the AFM tip is attached to the end of an oscillating cantilever. For the intermittent contact technique, the cantilever is vibrated near its resonance frequency. The amplitude of the oscillation is typically 100-200 nm with the tip intermittently contacting... 

Lacerda, L. et al. (2008) Dynamic imaging of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube systemic circulation and urinary excretion. Advanced Materials,... 

Squire, A., Verveer, P. J., Pocks, O. and Bastiaens, P. I. H. (2004). Red-edge anisotropy microscopy enables dynamic imaging of homo-FRET between green fluorescent proteins in cells. J. Struct. Biol. 147, 62-9. 

Blum, G., Mullins, S. R., Keren, K., Fonovic, M., Jedeszko, C., Rice, M. J., Sloane, B. F. and Bogyo, M. (2005). Dynamic imaging of protease activity with fluorescently quenched activity-based probes. Nat. Chem. Biol. 1, 203-209. 

Fehr, M., Ehrhardt, D. W., Lalonde, S. and Frommer, W. B. (2004a). Minimally invasive dynamic imaging of ions and metabolites in living cells. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 7, 345-51. 

Ramamoorthy A (2009) Beyond NMR spectra of antimicrobial peptides dynamical images at atomic resolution and functional insights. Solid State Nucl Mag 35 201-207... 

Dynamic image analysis systems, 18 147 Dynamic Kerr effect (DKE), 17 454 Dynamic light scattering (DLS), 20 381 in molecular weight determination,... 

Lacerda L, Soundararajan A, Singh R, Pastorin G, Al-Jamal KT, Turton J, Frederik P, Herrera MA, Li S, Bao A, Emfietzoglou D, Mather S, Phillips WT, Prato M, Bianco A, Goins B, Kostarelos K (2008) Dynamic imaging of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube systemic circulation and urinary excretion. Adv. Mater. 20 225-230. 

Figure 8.14 Images of dislocations in silicon under conditions of low absorption. AgK radiation. The dark images are the direct images. The white images are dynamical images...

Figure 8.16 Section topograph of a dislocation in silicon. The dislocation cuts the Borrmann fan obliquely, resulting in displacement of the direct, intermediary and dynamical images. We note that the dynamical image, unlike the direct image, is not localised. 1, direct image 2, intermediary image 3, dynamical image...

Figure 8.17 Dynamical images of dislocations under conditions of high absorption in GaAs. Note that the images appear light due to the loss of intensity around the defect...

B. Tavitian, S. Marzabal, V. Boutet, B. Kuhnast, S. Terrazzino, M. Moynier, F. Dolle, J.R. Deverre, A.R. Thierry, Characterization of a synthetic anionic vector for oligonucleotide delivery using in vivo whole body dynamic imaging, Pharm. Res. 19 (2002) 367-376. 

D. Application 2 Femtosecond Flnorescence Dynamics Imaging from... 

The second example of the application of fluorescence up-conversion microscope is imaging of organic microcrystals based on ultrafast fluorescence dynamics (femtosecond fluorescence dynamics imaging) (Fujino et al. 2005a). In this measurement, the site-specific energy transfer rate in a tetracene-doped anthracene microcrystal was measured, and the crystal was visualized based on the observed local ultrafast dynamics. 

FIGURE 3.7 (a) The CCD camera image of the tetracene-doped anthracene microcrystal used for the femtosecond fluorescence dynamics imaging, (b) The dynamics image obtained from the region indicated by a broken rectangle in (a) (excitation 400 nm fluorescence 530 nm). (From Fujino, T., Fujima, T., and Tahara, T., J. Phys. Chem. B 109 15327-15331, 2005. Used with permission.)... 

The flnorescence dynamics imaging was carried ont by monitoring time-resolved fluorescence at 530 nm, where the rise of the tetracene fluorescence is observed, at different positions of the microcrystal. The np-converted fluorescence data were recorded every 1 pm distance. To shorten the measnrement time at each point, the up-converted signal was sampled at only fonr delay time points (- 5, 5,15, 30 ps), and then the energy transfer time, x, was evalnated by htting with the following single-exponential fnnction ... 

Fujino, T, Fujima, T, and Tahara, T. 2005. Femtosecond fluorescence dynamics imaging using a fluorescence up-conversion microscope. J. Phys. Chem. B 109 15327. 

Squier, J. A., Muller, M., Brakenhoff, G. J., and Wilson, K. R. 1998. Third harmonic generation microscopy. Review of dynamic imaging with THG in living organisms was first demonstrated. The point scanning source was used for THG imaging. Excitation at 1.2 (xm, 250 kHz. Interface orientation dependency in respect to the laser beam was shown in glass beats. Opt. Exp. 3 315-24. 

Figure 3.25. In situ catalysis (a) fresh VPO catalyst (b) dynamic real-time formation of atomic scale catalyst restructuring in butane after 2 min at 400 °C (c) enlarged image of (b) showing two sets of partial dislocations and (d) dynamic image of two sets of extended defects along symmetry-related (201) in (010) VPO after reduction in butane for several hours (diffraction contrast). The inset shows the defect nucleation near the surface. Careful defect analysis shows them to be formed by novel glide shear, (e) One set of the defects in high resolution (f) and (g) show diffraction contrast images of defects in 201 and 201. (After Gai et al, Science, 1995 and 1997 Acta Cryst. B 53 346.)...

Figure 5.14. In situ ETEM studies directly probing a dynamic Cu/alumina catalyst in different gas environments (scale bar is 100 nm). Dynamic images are recorded from the same area of the sample at 200 in 0.2 atm gas pressnre (a) in CO gas and (b) in O2 gas. Complex wetting and spreading is observed in (b). (After Gai et at Nature 348 430.)...

Attempts have been made to develop systems that combine the advantages of static imagery and dynamic imagery. Such systems have been described by O Brien et al. (1998). However, few of these systems have been implemented because of their complexity. Recently, a new hybrid telepathology system has been described, which achieves dynamic real-time microscopic video transmission for providing dynamic imaging. The implementation of this system is awaited. 

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