Solubility polymerization

Alternatively, several workers have shown that not only is the soluble, zero-charged hydrolysis product considerably more surface active than the free (aquo) ion but also a polymeric charged or uncharged hydrolysis product may be formed at the solid-liquid interface at conditions well below saturation or precipitation in solution. Hall (5) has considered the coagulation of kaolinite by aluminum (III) and concluded that surface precipitates related to hydrated aluminum hydroxide control the adsorption-coagulation behavior. Similarly Healy and Jellett (6) have postulated that the polymeric, soluble, uncharged Zn(OH)2 polymer can be nucleated catalytically at ZnO-H20 interfaces and will flocculate the colloidal ZnO via a bridging mechanism. 

The system Cl-buty 1-natural rubber (or cw-polyisoprene) could not be resolved by differential solvent techniques because the polymeric solubility parameters were too similar. At one end of the spectrum—i.e., with styrene at — 25 °C—natural rubber could be highly swollen while restricting the chlorobutyl swell, but the reverse was not possible, as indicated by the swelling volumes in the trimethylpentane. As displayed in Table II, attempts to use a highly symmetrically branched hydrocarbon with a very low solubility parameter, served only to reduce both the swelling of natural rubber and chlorobutyl. (Neopentane is a gas above 10°C and a solid below — 20°C). Therefore, for this report the use of differential solvents in the study of interfacial bonding in blends was limited to systems of Cl-butyl and cw-polybutadiene or SBR. 

Poly(e-caprolactone) Synthetic Anionic, cationic, free-radical, ringopening polymerization Soluble in select organic solvents such as chloroform, dichlorome thane... 

Poly-alkylcyanoacrylates Synthetic Emulsion and interfacial polymerization Soluble in organic solvents... 

Disodium peroxodisulphate EINECS 231-892-1 Peroxy-disulfuric acid, disodium sail Persulfate de sodium Sodium peroxydisulfate Sodium persulfate UN1505. Bleaching agent (fats, oils, fabrics, soaps), battery depolarizers, emulsion polymerization. Soluble In H2O (549 g/l MLD (rbt iv) = 178 mg/kg. Degussa AG FMC Corp. ... 

The observed high cyclization is attributed to an interaction between the double bonds in the transition state, since a strong bathochromic shift of the absorption due to the double bonds is observed in the uv spectrum. Six-membered rings as well as five-membered rings have been observed experimentally in the polymerization of 1,6 dienes. As expected, the extent of cyclization in this case depends strongly on the thermodynamic quality of the solvent (Table 16-10). In such polymerizations, soluble products are obtained, even at highest yields, because of the strong cyclization, whereas extensive reaction as for Equation (16-54a) would lead to cross-linked, insoluble polymers. 

Reijerkerk, S. R., Nijmeijer, K., Ribeiro, C. P., Jr., Freeman, B. D., Wessling, M. (2011). On the effects of plasticization in C02/Ught gas separation using polymeric solubility selective membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 367, 33—44. 

Nevertheless, conductive polymers have also been synthesized using other techniques, such as chain polymerization, step-growth polymerization, chanical vapor deposition, solid-state polymerization, soluble-precursor polymer preparation, and concentrated anulsion polymerization, to name just a few. Most of these techniques, however, are time consuming and involve the use of costly chemicals. 

Commercial polyacetal copolymers contain 0.1 to 15 mole percent of a cyclic ether, commonly ethylene oxide or 1,3-dioxolane. Typical catalysts for this reaction are BF, or its ether complexes. In 1964, Weissermel and coworkers[5] showed that in the copolymerization of trioxane with ethylene oxide, the latter was almost completely consumed before any visible polymer was observed. During this stage of the polymerization, soluble prepolymers of ethylene oxide could be isolated [6], These prepolymers consisted primarily of oligomers with mono-, di-, and tri-ethylene oxide units. Celanese workers in 1980[7] verified also the presence of cyclic ethers, predominately 1,3-dioxolane and 1,3,5-tri-oxepane, as part of the reaction mixture. These are likely formed as reaction products of ethylene oxide and monomeric formaldehyde generated from the opening of the trioxane ring. 

Scheme 7.1 Synthesis of a polymeric soluble hydroformylation catalyst by anion exchange.

Silicone resins are normally supplied for use as solutions, prepared as described above. The final conversion of the partially polymerized soluble material into a fully cross-linked product is carried out in situ. In the cross-linking process, remaining silanol groups are condensed by heating in the presence of a catalyst, e.g., zinc octoate, cobalt naphthenate or triethanolamine. 

Approximate volume shrinkage upon polymerization (%) Solubility in water (%)... 

The sulfonium polyelectrolyte is usually soluble in methanol or water, which are the preferred solvents for polymerization. Solubility also depends on the counterion [937, 966, 967]. Solubility in organic solvents can be achieved by substitution of the sulfonium group itself with, e.g., phenylthiolate ions or extended heating in methanol [968-970] (Fig. 78). 

CONCENTRATIONS CRYSTALUNITY IONIC CATALYSTS MELTING POINT POLYMERIZATION SOLUBILITY B... 

The Wolf and Lamb reaction is particularly interesting when P-A and P-B are compounds which would react with one another in their non-polymeric soluble forms (as in Scheme 45). 

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