Surfactants commercially produced

G. Sulfonierte Fette und Ole R huiles sulfates Sulfated natural fats and oils are the first non soap - surfactants commercially produced in the middle of the 19 century. 

Table 6 shows a comparison of commercially produced C, 4 LAS samples in a current North American light-duty liquid (LDL) formulation containing more than 20% LAS together with alcohol ether sulfate (AES), amide, and hydrotrope. The highest viscosity is observed with the high 2-phenyl/low DATS sample, whereas the high 2-phenyl/high DATS sample had the lowest viscosity. The DATS provides the dual function of surfactant and hydrotrope. 

Since surfactants are commercially produced by means of large-scale chemical processes, complex mixtures of homologues and isomeric compounds, e.g. non-ionics of the alkylethoxylate type that may differ in length of alkyl as well as polyether chains, can result. The determination and differentiation of the products in quality control during production and trade is a somewhat easier task. However, more difficulties arise in the analysis of the compounds of these mixtures and formulations in environmental samples. 

Several techniques have been developed for the trace analysis of cationic surfactants. Most of the methodologies are based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, because most of the commercial cationic surfactants are produced as homologous... 

Nanosized metal sulfide powders of Ag2S, CuS, FeS, Ga2S3. In2S3, MnS, NiS, and ZnS were synthesized for use as gas- and liquid-phase mercury sorbents. An aqueous-based synthesis method using the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is described. The vapor- and aqueous-phase mercury-sorption characteristics of the nanocrystalline powders synthesized and of commercially produced Ag2S, AU2S. and AU2S3 are presented. 

Alkylphenol. Alkylphenol is a common surfactant intermediate used to produce alkylphenol ethoxylates. Phenol reacts with an olefin thermally without a catalyst but with relatively poor yields. Catalysts for the reaction include sulfuric acid p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), strong acid resins, and boron trifluoride (BF3). Of these, strong acid resins and BF3 are mostly widely used for the production of surfactant-grade alkylphenols. The most common alkylphenols are octylphenol, nonylphenol, and dodecylphe-nol. Mono nonylphenol (MNP) is by far the most common hydrophobe. It is produced by the alkylation of phenol with nonene under acid conditions. All commercially produced MNP is made with nonene based on propylene trimer. Because of the skeletal rearrangements that occur during propylene oligomerization, MNP is a complex mixture of branched isomers. 

Because of the long-term instability of proteins in aqueous solution, enzyme producers and formulators have attempted to produce stable solid enzyme formulations since enzymes were first used in detergents. Initially, commercially produced protease-containing detergents contained spray dried enzymes. As discussed earlier, proteases have the ability to digest themselves via autolysis and are often incompatible with surfactants. These problems are easily overcome by storing the... 

The majority of commercially produced amines originate from three materials, i.e. (i) natural fats and oils, (ii) a// /za-olefins, and (iii) fatty alcohols. Most large commercial manufacturers of quaternary ammonium compounds are fully back-integrated to at least one of these three sources of amines. Such amines are then used to produce a wide array of commercially available cationic surfactants. Some individual quaternary ammonium compounds can be produced by more than one synthetic route. 

Most commercial fluorocarbon surfactants are produced by the electrolytic substitution of fluorine for hydrogen on the carbon backbone of a carboxylic acid fluoride or sulfonic acid fluoride... 

Abstract Fluorinated surfactants have been conunercially available since the 1950s. The first available were perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids. The unique properties e.g., surface tension lowering in aqueous systems, high chemical and thermal stability of these acids and their derivatives when used at low concentrations resulted in their widespread use in industrial processes and consumer uses. The most common commercially produced peifluorinated surfactants are the perfluoroalkyl acids. 

In addition, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their derivatives have also been synthesized using the ECF process. Typically, an alkyl carbonyl fluoride (for example C7H15COF) is transformed into the corresponding perfluoroalkyl carbonyl fluoride (for example C7F15COF). The carbonyl fluoride is then reacted to yield esters, amides, or carboxylic acid salts which are have all been commercially produced and used as surfactants [4]. The most widely known is the ammonium salt of perfluorooctanoic acid (C7Fi5COOH-NH3), whose major historical use has been as a processing aid in the manufacture of fluoropolymers [29]. 

Most commercial amino acid surfactants are produced from mixed amino acids that are readily obtained from protein hydrolysates due to a cost advantage. A number of readily available and inexpensive sources of raw materials offer interesting prospects for the preparation of hydrolysates. Various plant proteins (e.g., derived from cereal, vegetable, or oilseed) or animal proteins (e.g., derived from milk, whey, blood) or waste proteins could be converted to hydrolysate hence they are a source of amino acid pool. 

Thousands of surfactants are produced commercially worldwide, with applications ranging from pharmaceuticals and food additives to soaps and detergents. Surfactants are typically classified as either anionic, cationic, nonionic or anq>hoteric depending upon the nature of their hydrophilic head group. Nonionic surfactants are widely used in agricultural applications because of their relatively low cost, generally low toxicity, and tolerance to varying solution conditions (e.g., electrolyte concentration). The most common nonionic... 

Reaction temperature ranges between 10 and 150°C at pressure of 1 MPa or higher. Similar to TFE, emulsion polymerization of vinylidene fluoride requires a stable fluorinated surfactant and an initiator such as peroxide or persulfate. Suspension polymerization is conducted in an aqueous medium, sometimes in the presence of a colloidal dispersant like hydroxy cellulose. Solution polymerization of VDF in solvents uses free radical initiators. PVDF is commercially produced by aqueous emulsion or suspension processes [72]. 

The first successful aqueous polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF, CF2=CH2) was reported in 1948.VDF was polymerized using a peroxide initiator in water at 50-150°C and 30 MPa. No surfactants or suspending agents were present in the polymerization recipe. Polyvinylidene fluoride has been polymerized by a number of methods including emulsion, suspension, solution, and bulk. Later, copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with ethylene and halogenated ethylene monomers were also produced, In 1960, a manufacturing process was developed and PVDF was first introduced to the market. PVDF is commercially produced by aqueous emulsion or suspension processes. In this section, emulsion (Sec. 5.6.1), suspension (Sec. 5.6.2), and solution (Sec. 5.6.3) polymerization techniques have been covered. 

One class of surfactants commonly used for applications in the food industry consists of carboxylic acids esterified with a single tail group such as a monoglyceride or, alternatively, for lactylates esterification of the alcohol group on lactic acid or its polymers with a fatty acid. These anionic surfactants are produced commercially using lactic. 

A perfluorinated surfactant will have all carbon-hydrogen bonds replaced by carbon-fluorine, so that the simplest formula for the saturated materials will be CF3(C F2 )S, where S signifies any of the possible surfactant head groups. Since various degrees of branching along the fluorocarbon chain are common, especially in commercial samples, care must be taken in the evaluation of such materials and the interpretation of experimental results. If hydrogen is substituted for a terminal fluorine, there will be a increase in the cmc and the minimum surface tension the surfactant can produce in aqueous solution (Table 4.14). 

Applications. These materials are stiU in developmental infancy. Current production is limited to one commercial process in Europe and a demonstration-scale process in North America. The lignins produced in these processes have potential appHcation in wood adhesives, as flame retardants (qv), as slow-release agents for agricultural and pharmaceutical products, as surfactants (qv), as antioxidants (qv), as asphalt extenders, and as a raw material source for lignin-derived chemicals. 

The odd-carbon stmcture and the extent of branching provide amyl alcohols with unique physical and solubiUty properties and often offer ideal properties for solvent, surfactant, extraction, gasoline additive, and fragrance appHcations. Amyl alcohols have been produced by various commercial processes ia past years. Today the most important iadustrial process is low pressure rhodium-cataly2ed hydroformylation (oxo process) of butenes. 

Other products of commercial value, such as laurylthiopropionic acid [1462-52-8], C22H24SCH2CH2COOH, are produced starting from 3-mercaptopropionic acid [107-96-0], HSCH2CH2COOH, and unsaturated products.. 7- Alkylthiocarhoxylic acids and their potassium salts have been described and evaluated as surfactants (qv). They provide exceUent thermally stable behavior and good surface activity for their alkaline salts (4). 

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