Enzymes detergents containing

For an enzyme-containing detergent the enzyme is added to a detergent composition with esters and disalts of a-sulfo fatty acids. The detergent granular comprises 7 % sodium a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid methyl ester, 5% disodium salt of a-sulfo hardened palm oil fatty acid, 10% sodium a-olefin (C14 18) sulfonate, 10% zeolite, 5% sodium carbonate, 5% water, and 55% sodium sulfate [82]. 

RITZ, H.L., EVANS, B.L.B., BRUCE, R.D., FLETCHER, E.R., FISHER, G.L. SARLO, K. (1993) Respiratory and immunological responses of guinea pigs to enzyme containing detergents a comparison of intratracheal and inhalation modes of exposure. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21, 31-37. 

C. The enzyme-containing detergents may cause skin irritation and have sensitizing properties they may release bradykinin and histamine, causing bron-chospasm. 

P H Anderson, C Bindslev-Jenson, H Mosbech, H Zachariae, K E Anderson, Skin symptoms in patients with ab c domatitis using enzyme-containing detergents Acta Dermato-Venereologica, April 1998 78 1 60-63. 

Amine oxides can also be found in enzyme-containing detergent formulations, where they enhance formula stability [54]. 

Since the mid-60s, the use of enzymes in detergents has been the largest of all enzyme applications. Over half of all detergents presently available contain enzymes, in particular proteases, amylases, lipases and ceUulases. Besides improved washing efficiency, the use of enzymes allows lower temperatures and shorter wash periods (of agitation) to be employed, often after a preliminary period of soaking. Further in this chapter (section 3.3) the detergent enzymes are worked out in more detail. 

The application of enzymes, however, is not novel already in 1913, Otto Rohm, founder of what would become the chemical giant Rohm and Haas, had added a proteolytic enzyme, mainly trypsin, from milled animal pancreas and dog waste to detergents. Marketed in Germany in 1914 as Burnus , this innovation was way ahead of its time and ran into several problems First, the very crude proteolytic enzyme contained many impurities which sometimes stained the very textile it was supposed to clean. Second, one tablet could be added to 10 liters of water to remove stains from clothes. Unfortunately, consumers were used to bulky washing powders which lathered a lot, and they did not believe that such a small tablet could work. Third, the process of enzyme extraction was not economical enough to include it in routine household detergents. 

The enzymes contained in some laundry detergents and prespotting agents may also cause perfume stability problems. They usually include esterases that destabilize esters and oxidases that attack double bonds. This, however, is not normally a serious situation, the more since in modem detergents enzymes are usually incorporated in encapsulated form. 

From the mere fact that CF, can be released from the membrane by EDTA treatment and the enzyme stays in solution without detergents, it is apparent that the catalytic sector has minimal, if any, direct interaction with the lipids of the chloroplast membrane. It is a globular protein that is held to the surface of the membrane via interaction with the membrane sector. Recently it was shown that the y subunit is in immediate contact with the membrane sector and the 8 and e subunits may induce proper binding for catalysis [17,18], The enzyme contains a few well-defined sites that were used for localization experiments by the method of fluorescent energy transfer [19,56-61], These studies revealed the position of those sites and helped to localize the various subunits of CF, in space relative to the chloroplast membranes (for a model of CF, see Refs. 61 and 62). These experiments are awaiting analysis of the amino acid sequence of the y subunit that is now under investigation in Herrmann s laboratory [148], Definite structural analysis could be obtained only after good crystals of the enzyme become available. 

Typically, the amylases used in detergent are derived from bacterial sources. B. licheniformis amylase is particularly desirable for detergent applications as it is highly thermostable and maintains its activity even at high pH. The primary drawback of Bacillus-derived amylases as detergent enzymes is that their stability (and in many cases also their activity) relies on bound Ca. ions.f This is problematic in detergent formulations that must also contain detergent builders to limit water hardness. Oxidation of a methionine residue close to the active site of B. licheniformis amylase is another common stability problem. ... 

Because of the long-term instability of proteins in aqueous solution, enzyme producers and formulators have attempted to produce stable solid enzyme formulations since enzymes were first used in detergents. Initially, commercially produced protease-containing detergents contained spray dried enzymes. As discussed earlier, proteases have the ability to digest themselves via autolysis and are often incompatible with surfactants. These problems are easily overcome by storing the... 

Tsunetsugu, Moese, Baeck, Herbots Procter Gamble Detergent compositions comprising a pectinesterase enzyme Contains a pectinesterase useful for removal of body, plant, fruit, and vegetable juice soils... 

Apparently, squalene synthetase is a relatively small microsomal protein. The enzyme was solubilized from yeast microsomes by deoxycholate. If detergent was then removed, the microsomal proteins aggregated. If instead, the preparation was centrifuged in a sucrose gradient containing detergent, squalene synthetase sedimented with an 20,w of 3.3 in contrast to the 14.2 20,w value reported earher. Centrifugation failed to resolve the two catalytic activities of squalene synthetase [72]. 

Endet [Swastik] Heavy-duty detergent powd. containing proteolytic enzyme household detergent... 

Microsomal cytochrome 65 has been solubilized by treatment with pancreatic lipase 124-129), proteolytic enzymes 127-129), or detergents 130,130a). Solubilization by the lipase was suggested to result from the action of proteolytic enzymes contained in the lipase preparation or in the microsomal suspensions. 128). All methods for the purification of the solubilized cytochrome hs adopt, as main procedures, ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose as introduced by Strittmatter and co-workers 126, 131,132). DEAE Sephadex chromatography was also used for the separation of two forms of cytochrome 65 after treatment with trypsin 129,130). 

To reduce the affinity of powders with respect to aqueous or organic solvents To avoid caking phenomena during storage and transport To improve appearance, taste, or odors of products To conserve nutrients contained in food products To functionalize powders (catalysts, enzyme-coated detergents, etc.)... 

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