Waste protein

Biodegradable films made from edible biopolymers from renewable sources could become an important factor in reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste. Proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides are the main biopolymers employed to make edible films and coatings. Which of these components are present in different proportions and determine the properties of the material, as a barrier to water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid transfer in food systems (Gomez-Guillen et al. 2002 and 2009). 

Recently, an enzymatic method was reported to recover the three main components of industrial shrimp waste (protein, chitin, and astaxanthin) using treatments with alcalase and pancreatin. The first enzyme was more efficient in increasing the recovery of protein from 57.5 to 64.6% and of astaxanthin from 4.7 to 5.7 mg/lOO g of dry waste. 

D.I. Sanchez Machado, B. Chavira Willys, J. Lopez Cervantes, High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection for Quantitation of Tryptophan and Tyrosine in a Shrimp Waste Protein Concentrate, Journal of Chromatography, B, 863(1), 88 93 (2008). 

Gluten—mass of waste protein obtained from wheat or corn that is used as a raw material for producing MSG. 

Langmaier, F., Mokrejs, P., Kolomaznik, K., and Mladek, M. (2008). Biodegradable packing materials from hydrolysates of collagen waste proteins. Waste Manage. 28, 549-556. 

Acylated Polypeptides (From partially hydrolyzed protein from scrap leather and other waste protein.) Used in hair preparations and shampoos, alkaline cleaning preparations, wax strippers. Good detergency and resistance to hard water. 

Large-scale production of optically active a-amino acids has usually been performed by microbiological synthesis or through hydrolysis of waste proteins. In both cases, a serious problem is the isolation of pure crystalline amino acids because numerous by-products are present in solutions. In... 

Most commercial amino acid surfactants are produced from mixed amino acids that are readily obtained from protein hydrolysates due to a cost advantage. A number of readily available and inexpensive sources of raw materials offer interesting prospects for the preparation of hydrolysates. Various plant proteins (e.g., derived from cereal, vegetable, or oilseed) or animal proteins (e.g., derived from milk, whey, blood) or waste proteins could be converted to hydrolysate hence they are a source of amino acid pool. 

The yield of the purified mixed amino acids as Na salts from waste proteins was 60-75%, that of amino acid ester from glutamic acid was higher (85-92%) [99], The active matter contents of most of the synthesized amino acid surfactants were more than 95%. The structural representation of amino acid surfactants from Ci2Na-SR spectra was identified and confirmed by IR and NMR as follows ... 

The foaming power (data not shown) of aU the mixed surfactants from waste proteins showed high foaming ability compared to those of glutamic acid surfactants. 

Waste protein gets changed back to nitrates. In soil, there are bacteria which feed on the protein in dead plants and animals, and in animal manure. They change it back to nitrates, which can be used again by plants. 

Explain how waste protein is converted to nitrates. What do denitrifying bacteria do ... 

This species difference may be associated with the fact that birds and mammals differ profoundly in their nitrogenous metabolism the bird being uricotelic, arid excreting waste protein nitrogen as uric acid, whereas the mammal is ureotelic, and excretes nitrogen chiefly as urea (p. 378). 

Transformation and Degradation of Purine in Animals.—Animals other than birds and reptiles excrete their waste protein nitrogen in the urine, and are said to be ureotelic. In ureotelic animals, purine metabolism proceeds along independent lines. The purines of the diet, chiefly nucleotides and nucleosides liberated from nucleo-proteins, are resolved into their constituent amino purines by the enzymes of the alimentary tract and mucosa. The amino purines are absorbed into the portal s3rstem, and if not utilised, are de-aminated by the appropriate enzjones, adenase and guanase, found in the liver. 

Nature offers a complete renewable and sustainable source of a wide range of raw materials of different sttucture, polarity and size. Cellulose, chitin, starch, fruits, lignin, waste proteins, fats and oils are important bio-based raw materials for sugars, peptides. 

Partial -+hydrolysis of collagen (- proteins)- containing animal products (skin, white connective tissues and bones) leads to g. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis yields type A g., while alkali treatment gives B g. Edible g., used in pharmaceutical, food and photographic applications is made from carefully selected raw materials, while technical g. (- glue, animal) is similar in structure but starts from waste protein material. 

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