Electrolytes substitution

Therefore, achievement of this desired substitution, particularly the formation of a carbon-carbon bond at the a position is one of most important goals of modern organofluorine chemistry. Although anodic substitution is a characteristic of certain electrolytic reactions, no results pertaining to the electrolytic substitution of trifluoromethylated compounds have been reported. Recently, the use of the electrochemical technique has opened new avenues for the realization of such nucleophilic substitution [40-42] and construction of a carbon-carbon bond [43-45]. 

Electrolytic substitutions furnish a further general point of view. 

However, if an amine alone is subjected to the anodic current action in the presence of the nitrite, complicated products result besides the action of the NQ2 ions upon the amido-group and the typical decomposition of the diazo-body by the electrolyte, substitution and oxidation processes seem to occur. 

Electrolytic substitutions in aromatic nuclei-nitration of benzene)... 

Another useful method is the electrolytic substitution of heterocyclic compounds, which are r-electron rich or substituted with electron-donating groups. 

The first and third parentheses on the right hand side of Eq. (86) represent the electrodes and electrolyte contact resistances and the second term represent the bulk resistance of the electrolyte. Substitution of Eqs. (78-86) into (85) gives the following current-voltage relation, or polarization equation, for PEMFC... 

For simplicity the derivation is restricted here to symmetrical z—z electrolytes. Substituting equation (6.9.9) into equation (6.9.8) for the case that the central ion is a cation,... 

Fluorocarbons. Fluorocarbons are prepared primarily by the electrolytic substitution of fluorine for hydrogen on the carbon chain of carboxylic acid fluorides or sulfonyl fluorides. They may be completely fluorinated (per-fluoro-) or have a terminal hydrogen atom. In that respect, it is important to know which type of chain is present in a material, since the properties of the two may differ significantly in critical applications. They are also prepared by the oligomerization of tetrafluoroethylene. Linkage to many hydrophilic groups is accomplished through a short-chain hydrocarbon unit. 

Most commercial fluorocarbon surfactants are produced by the electrolytic substitution of fluorine for hydrogen on the carbon backbone of a carboxylic acid fluoride or sulfonic acid fluoride... 

Eberson L, Olofsson B (1969) Studies on electrolytic substitution reactions. VI. On the meehanism of anodic acetamidation. Acta Chem Scand 23 2355—2366. doi 10.3891/acta.chem. scand.23-2355... 

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