Surface runoff water

The general purpose of ultimate disposal of hazardous wastes is to prevent the contamination of susceptible environments. Surface water runoff, ground water leaching, atmospheric volatilization, and biological accumulation are processes that should be avoided during the active life of the hazardous waste. As a rule, the more persistent a hazardous waste is (i.e., the greater its resistance to breakdown), the greater the need to isolate it from the environment. If the substance cannot be neutralized by chemical treatment or incineration and still maintains its hazardous qualities, the only alternative is usually to immobilize and bury it in a secure chemical burial site. 

Relatively large volumes of water are used by the petroleum refining industry. Four types of wastewater are produced surface water runoff, cooling water, process water, and sanitary wastewater. Surface water runoff is intermittent and... 

Combined sewer A sewer designed to carry both sanitary wastewaters and storm or surface-water runoff. 

The discharge of surface water from a site may originate from three potential sources rainwater from building(s), surface-water runoff from paved/hard standing areas and subsoil drainage (groundwater)... 

The surface water runoff from paved/hard standing areas also depends on rainfall intensity calculated from the geographical locations of the site and storm-return period. However, the return period for a site will be far higher than for a building in order to ensure prevention of persistent flooding of the site. In many instances the local authority may specify the storm-return period as the design criterion. 

Wherever practical, surface-water runoff should be designed for gravity discharge, preferably located at the lowest part of the site. However, where a gravity system is impractical or impossible a pumped discharge must be considered. 

Within the frame of the EU-funded project GABARDINE (2005-2008 http // www.geoservice.gr/), the identification of alternative sources of water and the feasibility, both environmental and economic, of their utilisation were explored. Alternative water sources to be artificially recharged comprised surface water runoff, treated effluent and imported water. 

Routes of administration other than dietary ingestion should not be discounted. Livestock found dead near a cyanide disposal site had been drinking surface water runoff from the area that contained up to 365 mg HCN/L (USEPA 1980). The use of cyanide fumigant powder formulations may be... 

A third plant uses a chemical precipitation step for removing arsenic and zinc from contaminated surface water runoff. Ferric sulfate and hme are alternately added while the wastewater is vacuum-filtered and sludge is contract-hauled. The entire treatment system consists of dual-media filtration, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and vacuum hltration. Sampling results across the entire treatment system indicated that arsenic was reduced from 6.9 to 0.2 mg/L and zinc from 0.34 to 0.11 mg/L. 

Raise ground surface, thereby generating more appropriate slopes to control surface-water runoff. 

Rusmar Inc. offers a family of long-duration foam products. These products are used for odor suppression, control of volatile organic compound (VOC) and semivolatile organic compound (S VOC) emissions, dust control, and promotion of surface water runoff. The vendor has provided information for several full-scale commercial applications of long-duration foam technology. The technology is commercially available currently. 

Deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) also have been detected in shallow, unsaturated surface-water runoff from a Eudora silt loam soil with DEA present at higher concentrations (Mills and Thurman, 1994a). Dissolved atrazine, DEA, and DIA concentrations in water samples from two closely spaced lakes indicated large differences in input from watershed nonpoint sources. Levels of these chemicals increased in response to spring and early summer runoff events (Spalding et al., 1994). In studies conducted by Gaynor el al. (1992, 1995), DEA was found in surface runoff samples that contained atrazine. Hydroxyatrazine (HA), deethyl hydroxyatrazine (DEHA), and deisopropyl hydroxyatrazine (DIHA) have also been identified in surface water (Lerch et al., 1995). 

Significant progress in the adoption of BMPs has been made by the farming community. Setbacks from waterways added to herbicide product labels such as atrazine-containing products have contributed significantly to buffers being established on corn and sorghum farmland. Continued emphasis on the reduction of erosion and surface water runoff,... 

This product may not be applied aerially or by ground within 66 ft of the points where field surface water runoff enters perennial or intermittent streams and rivers or within 200 ft around natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs. 

Surface water runoff from land to the oceans, by latitudinal zones 5" wide as shown in Figure 2, has a median value of about 0.3 myr in good agreement... 

Stoddard solvent may be released to the atmosphere in the exhaust emissions of dry cleaning plants. Emissions from one plant were determined to be 2,100 ppm (measured as propane) (EPA 1980). Fugitive emissions from other industrial or domestic uses (such as incompletely sealed or punctured barrels) may contribute to levels of Stoddard solvent in the environment, including contributions to general levels of volatile organic carbon. In addition, surface water contamination may occur as a result of direct spills of Stoddard solvent onto surface waters, runoff from spills to soil with subsequent transmission to nearby water sources, or from improper disposal, such as pouring Stoddard solvent down drains. Accidental spills of Stoddard solvent to various media are reported to the Emergency Response Notification System (ERNS) maintained by EPA. Total spill data for Stoddard solvent are ... 

Landfill disposal facilities should be located and designed so that the potential for surface drainage from adjacent areas onto the landfill is minimd. Control is accomplished by constructing diversion stmctures to prevent surface water runoff from entering the working portion of the facility. 

Landfill disposal facilities should be equipped with suitable channeling devices, such as ditches, berms or dikes, to divert surface water runoff from areas contiguous to the landfill. 

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