Supply Contracts

Two types of specifications are written into supply contracts for naphthas they concern the composition and the level of contaminants. 

This requirement was addressed above but note that the marking has to be permanent and therefore has to be durable under the anticipated conditions of use. It would be wise to seek guidance from the customer if you are in any doubt as to where to place the marking or how to apply it. Metal identification plates stamped with the customer s identity, date of supply, contract, and limitations of use are durable and permanent. 

Particularly if the industry is government regulated (i.e., pharmaceuticals), but also if the supply contract with the customer stipulates numerical specification limits for a variety of quality indieators, the compliance question is legal in nature (rules are set for the method, the number of samples and repeat determinations) the analyst can then only improve precision by honing his/her skills,... 

In custom manufacturing, a typical project starts with the acceptance of the product idea, which comes mainly from business development, by the new product committee, followed by the preparation of a laboratory process, and ends with the successful completion of demonstration runs on industrial scale and the signature of a multiyear supply contract, respectively. The technical... 

Whether business development should transfer new products to sales when they become mature (e.g., once a multiyear supply contract has been concluded) is a controversial issue. From the perspective of customer orientation, the product stewardship should not be transferred, particularly if the... 

A price calculation is relatively easy for a product with a track record of a regular industrial-scale production. On the other hand, it is difficult, if only a laboratory procedure exists and a calculation has to be made based on the virtual scaleup to industrial-scale production. The ability to perform this desk exercise in a quick and reliable fashion is an important competence criterion of a fine-chemical manufacturer. When setting a price, a separation of tasks must be made between the controller, who calculates the manufacturing cost, and the sales manager, who determines the sales price. If mistakes have been made and prices have to be changed, you will need facts to support your request. If a pivotal product is supplied, a supply contract is concluded. 

In custom manufacturing, supply contracts are product-based (unit price in /kg), whereas in contract research agreements they are service-based (FTEs in /scientist-year). The two types of contract are discussed in more detail below Agreeing on the price for a fine chemical is only one, albeit essential, element of a custom manufacturing deal between the supplier (fine-chemical company) and the customer (specialty-chemical company). The supply... 

Depending on the type (standard vs. exclusive products) and the importance of a business transaction (small single-order vs. major multiyear supply contract), the levels of customer intimacy can vary between purchasing through the Internet with no personal contacts between the parties involved on one hand and frequent face-to-face meetings between the commercial (and other pertinent) functions of the involved companies on the other hand (see Figure 12.7) ... 

This sale and back-lease model is applied by many other pharmaceutical companies. It enables the company to dispose of assets without being forced to lay off employees. The net effect for the industry as a whole is that statistically, the share of outsourcing is increasing. However, the problem of underutilized capacity persists. For a hne-chemical company, the acquisition of an API plant from a pharma company is problematic. Once the supply contract, offered by the pharma company as an incentive for the acquisition, expires, the problem arises as to what the capacity should be used for. This is all the more the case as the plants usually are designed to manufacture just one product and therefore are not truly multipurpose. Last but not least, the plants have been run as cost centers and the implementation of a lean production... 

Confirmation/revision of the offer for industrial-scale supplies Conclusion of supply contract Plant adaptation Production scheduling, operator instruction CD <3 CD n >-5 -5... 

Administration of the supply contract (updating of supply schedules, price adjustments, market intelligence) ... 

Number of tier 1 customers Frame supply contract agreed on... 

Assuming the project champion function for its realization Calculating sales prices in accordance with company rules for profitability Negotiating and concluding confidentiality agreements, R D agreements, supply contracts for trial and industrial quantities... 

Identifies decisionmakers at the major accounts Cultivates the relationship with the major accounts Ensures flawless flow of communication Assures proper administration of supply contracts... 

Electric Utilities. For coal fired electric utilities most, but not all, of the initial conditions to the year 1986 have already been set. Variations will occur but they are unlikely to be significant. The extent of the solidification is based on existing coal supply contracts. The specification of a coal contract to some extent also implies the specification of an air pollution control strategy. Of the 260 units [111,573 megawatts of electricity (MWe)] scheduled to go on-line between 1977 and 1986, 134 (66,210 MWe) are scheduled to enter service between 1977 and 1981. 

Two main types of volumetric filler exist. In the first type, a predetermined volume of liquid can be dosed using either a magnetic inductive volumetric flow meter or a mass flow meter. Alternatively, measuring cylinders can be used that incorporate a level probe. The product is fed to a set level in the metering cylinder, at which point the flow valve is closed off from the supply tank. A typical can filler operating at 1,500 cans of 330 ml capacity per minute will fill as per the supply contract within 2.5 ml. However, a standard deviation for a volumetric filler as low as 0.58 ml has been quoted. As with the probe filler, these fillers are fitted with electro-pneumatic valves, enabling accurate control of the... 

While estimating the Caspian gas prospects, the probable impact of the Russian gas sector should be taken into consideration. Also the Russian influence of the markets in the East and Central European Countries, Balkan, Turkey and South Caucasus should be taken into consideration. This includes long-term supply contracts and sometimes equity and management stakes in major supply entities. Currently Russia exports roughly 130 bcm/y of natural gas to Europe and 60-70 bcm to Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic and South Caucasian States. 

The European countries have guaranteed supply contracts until 2010. Beyond this period Europe may expect a shortage of natural gas amounting to 100-200 bcm per annum (until 2020). The liberalised European energy market will become instrumental to the growing gas demand [23]. 

The revenue for a gas industry is easily related to sales and in particular with regards to underground storage by the winter sales whether given as a volume (refer to the adequacy of requirements versus supply contracts and contracted volumes) or a peak period (refer to high marginal cost of the peak period cubic meter of a supply contract). 

Naturally, this strategy must be compatible with the multiple operating constraints of the facilities (minimum and maximum volumes, minimum and maximum reservoir pressures, minimum and maximum stored volumes, gas treatment and compression facilities saturation, etc.), of the transmission network (transportation situation) and of the supply contracts (contracted volumes and rates). 

The signing of a long-term supply contract on the delivery of increased volumes of gas with Gazprom does not comply with the Georgian liberalization strategy for the energy market. 

As pipelines per se are fairly vulnerable to sabotage and terrorist actions, the social and political stability in the involved countries are of greatest importance for the security of natural gas supply. This especially applies to transit countries that - per definition - are not part of the gas supply contracts. It is therefore mandatory that transit countries are enabled to make use of their compensation in a prosperous manner for the sake of improving the social stability. It is assumed that this in the next run will increase the safety of energy supply that is crucial to all parties. 

As part of the supply contract each supplier or subcontractor needs to provide a corresponding project and quality plan to identify and outline the procedures, standards, organization, and resources to be used to align with the requirements of the pharmaceutical manufacturer s project. The contractors and suppliers involved with GMP work should reference the project validation plan and identify the specific requirements that are to be addressed to ensure the appropriate level of documentation in support of the pharmaceutical manufacturer s validation program. 

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