Supercritical technology

FIGURE 5.1 Pure component phase diagram. (From Liao, X., H. Zhang, and T. He, 2012, Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 12. With permission.) 

Critical Data of Some Common Substances Used in Supercritical States 

Source Data from Dean, J. R., 1998, Extraction Methods for Analysis, Vol. 3, John Wiley Sons. With permission. Environmental 

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The use of supercritical and hot water as a solvent is still largely experimental. Because supercritical technology is well known in the power industry, this use of water is likely to increase in the future. Corrosion control may be an important limiting consideration. General process economics are the second potential limit (see SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS). 

Supercritical technology, 23 242,13 449 Supercritical water (SCW) properties, waste detoxification and, 14 108 Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), 24 16-17... 

Supercritical CO2 can be used in the health care industry. The promise of using supercritical technology in solving environmental problems, in the food, petroleum, and gas industry, as well as in chromatography, pharmaceutics, and so on, has been demonstrated (Beckman et al., 1995). 

Due to the absence of the catalyst the process flowsheet employing the supercritical technology should be much simpler, but in exchange the manufacture of hardware is much more demanding. Effective energy integration is also necessary. Despite these advantages the industrial implementation of supercritical esterification has not been reported. 

OzLEM GtigLu-UsTiiNDAG University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Supercritical Technologies for Further Processing of Edible Oils. 

SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES EOR EURTHER PROCESSING OE EDIBLE OILS... 

SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR FURTHER PROCESSING OF EDIBLE OILS 6 ... 

The supercritical fluid mefhod is a relafively new method, which can minimize the use of organic solvents and harsh manufacturing conditions taking advantage of two distinctive properties of supercritical fluids (i.e., high compressibility and liquid-like density). This method can be broadly divided into two parts rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), which utilizes the supercritical fluid (e.g., carbon dioxide) as a solvent for the polymer, " and supercritical antisolvent crystallization (SAS), using the fluid as an antisolvent that causes polymer precipitation. Recent reviews of the supercritical technology for particle production are available in the literature. ... 

Thus, there is a need to identify alternative approaches to produce small particles for pharmaceutical use. Use of supercritical fluids (SFs) or compressed gases in general is an attractive alternative. Though historically the first report dates back more than a hundred years (1), it was in the 1980s that intensive research started in this field, giving renewed interest to supercritical technologies. 

Fages, J., Rodier, E., Chamayou, A., and Baron, M. (2007). Comparative study of two processes to improve the bioavailability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient Kneading and supercritical technology. Kona-Powder Part, 25, 217-229. 

Preparation of Polypropylene Nanocomposites Using Supercritical Technology... 

In recent years, supercritical technology, especially supercritical carbon dioxide (scCCb), has been widely applied in the processing of polymer nanocomposites. A supercritical fluid is defined as "any substance, the temperature and pressure of which are higher than their critical values, and which has a density close to, or higher than, its critical density" (Darr Poliakoff, 1999). Fig. 3 shows a schematic representation of the density and organization of molecules of a pure fluid in solid state, gas state, liquid state and the supercritical domain. No phase separation occurs for any substance at pressures or temperatures above its critical values. In other words, the critical point represents the highest temperature and pressure at which gas and liquid can coexist in equilibrium. 

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