Particles production

A commercial design based on semicontinuous operation was developed for manufacture of silicate powders (27). A slurry, prepared containing the feed materials and water, is fed to the reactor tank and heated by circulating a heat-exchange fluid in channels located on the outside vessel wall. A six-bladed stirrer is operated at about 100 rpm in order to keep reagents well mixed. Once the slurry reaches the operating temperature, the vessel heat is maintained until reaction is complete. For most fine-particle products, this time is less than 1 hr. 

Comparison of the simulations with experimental results (Figure 8.32) showed reasonable agreement prior to the onset of agglomeration. The ultimate aim of the model is to enable particle product design by the ability to relate particle size distribution to equipment design and operating conditions. 

Tsutsumi, A., Nieh, J.Y. and Fan, L.S., 1991. Role of the bubble wake in fine particle production of calcium carbonate in bubble column systems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 30, 2328-2333. 

Target(incoming particle, ejected particle)product... 

Roller mills employ cylindrical or tapered surfaces that roll along flatter surfaces and crush nipped particles. Products of 20-200 mesh are made. 

Deriving an expression for f(t) a considerable simplification occurs if one takes all polymer particles to be nucleated at the same size dp(t,t). The generation of new polymer particles in an emulsion system is basically due to two mechanisms micellar and homogeneous particle production. Then, the rate of particle nucleation, fit), can be expressed as (12) ... 

Kulju, L.M., Chu, K.D. and Hopke, P.K., The Development of a Mobility Analyzer for the Studying of Neutralization and Particle-Production Phenomena Related to Radon Progeny, this volume (1986). 

As a first example of a CFD model for fine-particle production, we will consider a turbulent reacting flow that can be described by a species concentration vector c. The microscopic transport equation for the concentrations is assumed to have the standard form as follows ... 

We now turn to the question of developing a CFD model for fine-particle production that includes nucleation, growth, aggregation, and breakage. Applying QMOM to Eq. (114) leads to a closed set of moment equations as follows ... 

The release occurred in the polyethylene product takeoff system, as illustrated in Figure 1-12. Usually the polyethylene particles (product) settle in the settling leg and are removed through the product takeoff valve. Occasionally, the product plugs the settling leg, and the plug... 

Nuclides with too many neutrons per proton tend to undergo (3-particle production. The net effect of (3-particle production is to change a neutron to a proton. Examples of (3-particle production are... 

A (3-particle is an electron. An unstable nuclide in (3-particle production creates an electron as it releases energy in the decay process. This electron is created from the decay process, rather than being present before the decay occurs. 

In the RESS method, the solute of interest is solubilized in a supercritical fluid, which is then rapidly expanded through a nozzle. As the fluid expands, it loses its solvent capabilities and the solute precipitates out. While this technique has the advantage of not using any organic solvent, it is restricted by the generally poor solubility of most polymers in supercritical fluids. Indeed, polymers generally have to be below 10,000 MW in order to be eligible for this method of particle production [126]. 

Orozco-Cardenas ML, Narvaez-Vasquez J, Ryan CA (2001) Hydrogen peroxide acts as a second messenger for the induction of defense genes in tomato plants in response to wounding, systemin, and methyl jasmonate. Plant Cell 13 179-191 Palmer CJ, Anders TL, Carpenter LJ, Ktipper FC, McFiggans G (2005) Iodine and halocarbon response of Laminaria digitata to oxidative stress and links to atmospheric new particle production. Environ Chem 2 282-290... 

Results of model simulations of effects of coagulation (a = 0.1) and sedimentation at steady state in Lake Zurich during summer are presented in Fig. 7.16. Particle volume concentrations in the epilimnion and hypolimnion are plotted as functions of the particle production flux in the epilimnion. Biological degradation and chemical dissolution of particles are neglected in these calculations. Predicted particle... 

Model simulations of particle volume concentrations in the summer as functions of the particle production flux in the epilimnion of Lake Zurich, adapted from Weilenmann, O Melia and Stumm (1989). Predictions are made for the epilimnion (A) and the hypolimnion (B). Simulations are made for input particle size distributions ranging from 0.3 to 30 pm described by a power law with an exponent of p. For p = 3, the particle size distribution of inputs peaks at the largest size, i.e., 30 pm. For p = 4, an equal mass or volume input of particles is in every logaritmic size interval. Two particle or aggregate densities (pp) are considered, and a colloidal stability factor (a) of 0.1 us used. The broken line in (A) denotes predicted particle concentrations in the epilimnion when particles are removed from the lake only in the river outflow. Shaded areas show input fluxes based on the collections of total suspendet solids in sediment traps and the composition of the collected solids. 

Multi-gene Baculovirus Vectors and Chimeric Particle Production. . 190... 

Taking into account process integration, i.e. - cultivation and product purification, particle locaHsation is an important issue. Strategies to produce a secreted particle, either by manipulation of its composition or by co-expression of NS protein(s) will be also discussed, since this can lead to an easier purification process and to a decrease in product losses due to intracellular proteolysis. The production of Rotavirus-Hke particles and Bluetongue virus-like particles production will be used as examples to illustrate this point. 

The selection of the monomers to incorporate in the capsid should consider other items along with antigenicity, such as product release by the cells [ 15,24]. Product secretion can have a large impact on overall particle production since baculovirus-infected insect cells often exhibit proteolytic activity, which is mainly intracellular at early times post-infection [25]. The appearance of proteases often coincides with plO and polyhedrin-driven late protein production [26]. 

General rules are not easy to infer from the existing literature, especially concerning particle production, since most of the fiterature reports deal only with genetic requirements for particle formation and have not investigated the effect of nutrient levels on particle productivity. Also, in most of the cases the process was not intended for industrial application, and the use of serum containing medium at laboratory scale is still ubiquitous. 

The application of mathematical modelling to baculovirus infection and virus-like particle production was also successfully done to Parvovirus B19 viruslike particle production with two different baculovirus at low MOTs [18]. But in this model the same concepts proposed in the Licari and Bailey Model was applied, i. e. baculovirus infection follows Poisson distribution with mean and variance equal to a.MOI, but with co-infection with two single-vectors, each one encoding a specific viral protein. 

E) Nuclides with too many neutrons per proton tend to undergo P-particle production. The net effect of P-particle production is to change a neutron to a proton. Positron production occurs for nuclides that are below the zone of stability (those nuclides whose neutron/proton ratios are too small). The net effect of positron emission is to change a proton to a neutron. An example of positron emission would be... 

Santi, L., Huang, Z., and Mason, H. (2006). Virus-like particles production in green plants. Methods 40(1) 66-76. 

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