Supercritical fluid technology, particle

York, P. and Hanna, M. (1996). Particle engineering by supercritical fluid technologies for powder inhalation drug delivery. Proc. Conf. Respiratory Drug Delivery V, Phoenix, AZ, 231-239. 

York, P. Strategy for particle design using supercritical fluid technologies. Pharm. Sci. Tech. Today 1999, 2 (11), 430-440. 

Gupta, R.B. (2006). Supercritical fluid technology for particle engineering. In Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery, R.B. Gupta and U.B. Kompella (eds.). Informa Healthcare. New York, 53-84. 

Preparing particle formulations using the acquired Separex technology. Separex S.A. is a French company known for its supercritical fluid technology for particle engineering. 

Generating surface-modified, submicrometersized particles of water-insoluble drugs with supercritical fluid technology processes IDD technology. Acquired Phasex s proprietary SCF- based processes. 

An exhaustive search for new propellants was made at the time of the switch away from CFCs, and it is unlikely that new ones will be found with the necessary physicochemical properties combined with an excellent safety profile. New surfactants are possible, but there is the major cost hurdle of drug toxicity studies to NCE standards. Particle engineering may provide benefits, e.g., production by supercritical fluid technology. 

Sacchetin, P.S.C., Morales, A.R., Moraes, A.M., and Rosa, Paulo de Tarso Vieira. Formation of PLA particles incorporating 17a-methyltestosterone by supercritical fluid technology. The Journal of... 

J. Baldyga, M. Henczka, B.Y. Shekunov, Fluid dynamics, mass transfer and particle formation in supercritical fluids, in Supercritical fluid technology for drug product development, eds. P. York, U.B. Korn-pella, B. Shekunov, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004. 

A new approach in the 1990s was to use supercritical fluid technology to produce uniform particles to replace crystallization. Even though super critical fluids were discovered over 100 years ago, and the commercial plant was built over 20 years ago in the United States, it is only now that the technology is used for a number of pharmaceutical applications (2-5), so as to produce aspirin, caffeine, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, etc. One of the major areas on which the research and development of supercritical fluids is focused is particle design. There are different concepts such as rapid expansion of supercritical solution, gas antisolvent recrystallization, and supercritical antisolvent to generate particles, microspheres, microcapsules, liposomes, or other dispersed materials. 

Supercritical fluid technology is a very attractive method for producing particles in high yield exempt of traces of solvent. The supercritical fluid of choice is CO2 because of its low critical temperature (31°C), natural abundance and relative environment friendliness. This technology has recently been reviewed by Richard and Deschamps (2003). 

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