Sulfonated poly 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene

Hammond and coworkers [167] prepared several LBL assembled films onto Nafion using different polyanions and polycations. The best results were obtained with a membrane produced assembling poly(ethylene imine) (LPEI) and sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene oxide) (sPPO), having k, 47 and a DMFC performance over 50 % compared to unmodified Nafion. Moon and Rhim [168] prepared LBL assembled membranes using poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly (estyerene sulfonic acid) (PSSA), where both, methanol and conductivity decrease with the number of layers, in such a way that methanol selectivity does not improve significantly in comparison with unmodified Nafion. However, Nafion membranes coated with a layer of PAH exhibit a DMFC performance at 80 °C much better (150 mW.cm ) than Nation (70 mW.cm ) when fed with 5 M methanol. PAH and poly (vinyl sulphate) (PVS) were LBL assembled onto Nafion achieving a reasonable methanol selectivity = 3 ) [170], without test in DMFC. 

Sulfonated poly(2,6- dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO) Cross-Unked bromomethylated sulfonated polyphenylene oxide (BPPO) The composite membranes had lower conductivity of 0.03-0.07 S/cm compared with SPPO of 0.09-0.15 S/cm but much lower water swelling ratio and improved fuel cell performance [79, 80]... 

Schauer, J., Albrecht, W., Weigel, T., Kudela, V., Pientka, Z. (2001) Microporous membranes prepared from blends of polysulfone and sulfonated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81, 134-142. 

In order to reduce fouling during application, the membranes were coated with a thin layer of the sulfonated poly (2, 6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (SPPO) polymer of ion exchange capacity 2.0 meq/g. Details of PES membrane preparation, SPPO preparation and its coating on the PES membrane surface are described elsewhere (Singh, 1999). The SPPO coated membranes were designated as lOS, 12S, 15S and 20S. 

In addition to the polymers described above, the MALDI technique has also been employed for the characterization of several synthetic polymeric materials. The literature reports the MALDI characterization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(ether sulfone) (PES), poly(dimethyl phenylene oxide) (PDMPO), and functionalized poly(p-phenylene)s. Analysis by MALDI-TOF of aromatic polyethers (such as PEEK), can be found, and several macrocyclic samples were also characterized by MALDI-TOF. ... 

An example for the synthesis of poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) - aromatic poly(ether-sulfone) - poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-pheny-lene oxide) ABA triblock copolymer is presented in Scheme 6. Quantitative etherification of the two polymer chain ends has been accomplished under mild reaction conditions detailed elsewhere(11). Figure 4 presents the 200 MHz Ir-NMR spectra of the co-(2,6-dimethyl-phenol) poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide), of the 01, w-di(chloroally) aromatic polyether sulfone and of the obtained ABA triblock copolymers as convincing evidence for the quantitative reaction of the parent pol3rmers chain ends. Additional evidence for the very clean synthetic procedure comes from the gel permeation chromatograms of the two starting oligomers and of the obtained ABA triblock copolymer presented in Figure 5. 

Kosmala, B. and Schauer, J. 2002. Ion-exchange membranes prepared by blending sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) with polybenzimidazole. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85 1118-1127. 

Nylon, polyacetal, polycarbonates, poly(2,6-dimethyl)phenylene oxide (PPO), polyimides, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphenylene sulfones, polyaryl sulfones, polyalkylene phthalates, and polyarylether ketones (PEEK) are stiff high-melting polymers which are classified as engineering plastics. The formulas for the repeating units of some of these engineering plastics are shown in Figure 1.15. 

PB PBI PBMA PBO PBT(H) PBTP PC PCHMA PCTFE PDAP PDMS PE PEHD PELD PEMD PEC PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEN PEO PES PET PF PI PIB PMA PMMA PMI PMP POB POM PP PPE PPP PPPE PPQ PPS PPSU PS PSU PTFE PTMT PU PUR Poly(n.butylene) Poly(benzimidazole) Poly(n.butyl methacrylate) Poly(benzoxazole) Poly(benzthiazole) Poly(butylene glycol terephthalate) Polycarbonate Poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) Poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene) Poly(diallyl phthalate) Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Polyethylene High density polyethylene Low density polyethylene Medium density polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly-ether-ether ketone poly(ethylene glycol) Poly-ether-imide Poly-ether ketone Poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly-ether sulfone Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Phenol formaldehyde resin Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl acrylate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methacryl imide) Poly(methylpentene) Poly(hydroxy-benzoate) Polyoxymethylene = polyacetal = polyformaldehyde Polypropylene Poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene ether) = Poly(phenylene oxide) Polyp araphenylene Poly(2,6-diphenyl-l,4-phenylene ether) Poly(phenyl quinoxaline) Polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfide Polyphenylene sulfone Polystyrene Polysulfone Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) Polyurethane Polyurethane rubber... 

Sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) and copolymers have been considered by some groups [176-178] as proton conductive membranes. The substitution of the methyl groups by phenyl has been tested as one of the initial... 

Draw the structural formula (one repeating unit) for each of the following polymers (a) poly(4-methylpent-l-ene) (b) poly(chlorotri uoroethylene) (c) poly(vinyl ethyl ether) (d) poly(vinylidene chloride) (e) polyethyleneimine (f) poly(methyl-2-cyano-acrylate) (g) polychloroprene (h) poly(buty-leneterephthalate) (i) poly(l,2-propylene oxalate) (j) poly(dihydroxymethylcyclohexyl terephthalate) (k) poly-caprolactam (nylon-6) (1) polyformaldehyde (m) poly-oxymethylene (n) poly(propylene oxide) (o) poly (propylene glycol) (p) poly(p-phenylene sulfone) (q) poly(dimethyl siloxane) (r) poly (vinyl butyral) (s) poly (p-phenylene) (t) poly(p-xylylene) (u) polycaprolactone... 

Poly(arylene ether)s are one of the most studied aromatic polymers for the sulfonation reactions. Poly(arylene ether)s include poly(phenylene ether), poly(arylene ether ketone), poly(arylene ether ether ketone), and poly(arylene ether sul-fone). These polymers contain electron-rich phenylene rings linked by ether bonds, which are susceptible for the sulfonation reactions with typical sulfonating reagents such as sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, or sulfur trioxide. The first attempt was the sulfonation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-phenylene ether) (PPO) by General Electric in 1960s [4]. Since then, a number of... 

J. Schauer, P. Lopour, J. Vacik, The preparation of ultrafiltration membranes from a moderately sulfonated poly(oxy(2,6-Dimethyl-l,4-Phenylene), J. Membr. Sci. 29, 169-175 (1992)... 

Wu D, Wu L, Woo JJ, Yun SH, Seo SJ, Xu TW, Moon SH (2010) A simple heat treatment to prepare covalently crossUnked membranes from sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) for application in fuel cells. J Membr Sci 348(1—2) 167—173... 

PET polyethylene terephthalate SPPO sulfonated poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide)... 

Acosta, J.L., Fierro, J.L.G., Linares, A., Casanova, M.J. (2000) Characterization of pol3mier systems based on sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide). Polymer International, 49, 1534—1538. 

K.-J. Kim, G. Chowdhury and T. Matsuura, Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis Performances of Sulfonated Poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) Thin Film Composite Membranes Effect of Coating Conditions and Molecular Weight of Polymer, 2000,179, 43-52. 

G. Chowdhury, T. Matsuura and S. Sourirajan, A Study of Reverse Osmosis Separation and Permeation Rate for Sulfonated Poly (2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) Membranes in Different Cationic Forms, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1994, 51, 1071-1075. 

K.-Y.C. Tsang, A Study of Reverse Osmosis Solute Separation and Production Rate for Sulfonated Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-l,4-Phenylene Oxide) Thin Film Composite Membrane in Different Tetraalkylammonium Forms , Fourth Year Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 1995. 

Correct IUPAC nomenclature poly(oxy-2,6-dimethyl-l,4-pheylene), PPO, poly(oxy-l,4-phenylenesulfonyl-l, 4 -phenyleneoxy-l",4 phenylene (1 -methylethylidene)-l , 4" -phenylene), poly(arylene ether sulfone), and poly(oxy-(2-hydroxytrimethylene) oxy-l,4-phenylene(l -methylethylidene)-l, 4 -phenylene), phenoxy resin. 

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