Succinic anhydride, 2,2-dimethyl

Friedel-Crafts acylation of 3,3-dimethyl-2-indolinone by succinic anhydride gives 3,3-dimethyl-5-(3-catboxyptopionyl)-2-indoline, which is used as an intermediate in the preparation of inotropic agents for treatment of heart failure (94). Antibacterial phlotophenone derivatives have been prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation with ptopanoyl chlotide (95). 

ATBN - amine terminated nitrile rubber X - Flory Huggins interaction parameter CPE - carboxylated polyethylene d - width at half height of the copolymer profile given by Kuhn statistical segment length DMAE - dimethyl amino ethanol r - interfacial tension reduction d - particle size reduction DSC - differential scanning calorimetry EMA - ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer ENR - epoxidized natural rubber EOR - ethylene olefin rubber EPDM - ethylene propylene diene monomer EPM - ethylene propylene monomer rubber EPR - ethylene propylene rubber EPR-g-SA - succinic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene rubber... 

All maleimides were synthesized according to standard procedures.16 Maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, and diethyl fiimarate were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co. and used as received. 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether (CHVE) and tetraethylene glycol divinyl ether (CHVE) were used as received from International Speciality Products. Bis(4-vinyloxybutyl) isophthalate (IPDBVE) and bis(vinyloxybutyl)succinate (SEGDVE) were obtained from Allied-Signal and used without further purification. All acrylates were used as received from either Aldrich Chemical Co. or Scientific Polymer Products. 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMAP) was used as received from Ciba Specialty Chemicals. 

Sodium toluene dispersion of, 55, 65 Sodium p-toluenesulfinate, 57, 103 Spiro[4 n] alkenones, 58, 62 Spiro[cyclopentane-l,l -indene] 55, 94 Squalene, 56, 116 Squalene, 2,3-epoxy, 56, 116 Stannic chloride, 56, 97 Steroids synthesis, 58, 85 E Stilbene, 55, 115,58, 73 z-Stilbene, 58, 133 Styrene, 56, 35,58, 43 Styrene glycol, 55, 116 Styrene glycol dimesylate, 55, 116 Succinic acid, 58, 85 Succinic anhydride, 58, 85 Sucunimide, 56, 50, 58, 126 Succimmide, Vbromo, 55, 28, 56, 49 SULFIDE CONTRACTION, 55, 127 Sulfide, dimethyl-, 56, 37 SULFIDE SYNTHESIS, 58, 143,58, 138 SULFIDE SYNTHESIS ALKYL ARYL SULFIDES, 58, 143 SULFIDE SYNTHFSIS DIALKYL SULFIDES, 58, 143 SULFIDE SYNTHESIS UNSYMMETRI-CAL DIALKYL DISULFIDES, 58, 147 SULFONYL CYANIDES, 57, 88 Sulfur tetrafluoride, 57, 51... 

Groups of reportedly photochromic systems which deserve further study include (a) disulfoxides (123,124), (b) hydrazones (125-129), (c) osazones (130-133), (d ) semicarbazones (134-143), (e) stilbene derivatives (144), (/) succinic anhydrides (145-148), and (g) various dyes (149,150). A number of individual compounds also remain unclassified as to their mechanism of photochromic activity. These include o-nitro-benzylidine isonicotinic acid hydrazide (151), 2,3-epoxy-2-ethyl-3-phenyl-1-indanone (152), p-diethyl- and p-dimethyl-aminophenyli-minocamphor (153), brucine salts of bromo- and chloro-nitromethionic acid (154), diphenacyldiphenylmethane (155,156), 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4,-dihydropyridine (155,156), 2,4,4,6-3,5-dibenzoyltetrahydropyran (155,156), o-nitrobenzylidenedesoxybenzoin (157), p-nitrobenzylidene-desoxybenzoin (157), N-(3-pyridyl)sydnone (158,159), tetrabenzoyl-ethylene (160), and the oxidation product of 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole (161,162). 

Dicarbonylation in aprotic solvents yields acid anhydrides. Fulgide (dimethylene-succinic anhydride derivative) 78 was obtained in 49% yield by the Pd(0)-catalysed dicarbonylation of 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol (76) via 77 in benzene [6], The fulgide-forming reaction proceeds more smoothyl using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst in the presence of iodine (Pd l2 = 1 1) instead of hydrochloric acid [18]. 

Much effort has been devoted to the optimization of the polyesterification reaction. For instance, different types of monomeric precursors structurally related to succinic acid (e.g., dimethyl succinate or succinic anhydride) were used. Different kinds of catalysts (e.g., phenolates, titanium alkoxides, tin octanoates) at different concentrations were studied. Different reaction temperatures (130-190 °C) were reached and different procedures for water elimination (vacuum drying under different conditions or toluene distillation) were adopted. Experimental results obtained showed that the use of different catalysts and different monomer precursors (succinic acid derivatives) did not significantly alter the polymerization kinetics or yield, and for this reason, they were abandoned. The procedure finally adopted is summarized below. 

E)-(l,2-dimethyl-4-isopropyl-5-phenyl)-3-pyrryl ethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride (62n)... 

L. Yu, Y. Ming, and M. Fan, Studies on the photochromic mechanism of l,2,-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-pyrryl succinic anhydride, Res. Chem. Intermed., 13, 829-838 (1993). 

A. Tomoda, A. Kaneko, H. Tsuboi, and R. Matsushima, Effect of two election-donating substituents on photochromism of aryl fulgide, 2-(2,6-dimethyl-3,5-substituted benzylidene)-3-isopropylidene succinic anhydride, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 65, 2352-2358 (1992). 

P. J. Darcy, H. G. Heller, P. J. Strydom, and J. Whittall, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 2. Electrocyclic reactions of (E)-a-2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene (alkyl-substituted methylene) succinic anhydrides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1981, 202. 

Y. Yokoyama, H. A. Hayata, H. Ito, and Y. Kurita, Photocliroinism of a furyl fiilgides, 2-[l-(2,5-dimethyl-3-fiiryl)ethylidene]-3-isopropylidene succinic anhydride in solvents and polymer films, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 63, 1607-1610 (1990). 

Y. Yoshioka, T. Tanaka, M. Sawada, and M. Irie, Molecular and crystal structures of E-and Z-isomers of 2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl ethylidene (isopropylidene)-succinic anhydride, Chem. Lett., 1989, 19-22. 

G. Y. Fan, H. Z. Wang, X. S. Cui, Y. Z. Li, and H. S. Zhu, Crystal structures of l,2-dimethyl-3-indolyl-methylidene succinic anhydride and l,2-dimethyl-3-indolylethylidene succinic anhydride, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 8(4), 545-549 (1992). 

SUCCINIC ACID DINITRILE see SNEOOO SUCCINIC ACID, HYDROXY- see MANOOO SUCCINIC ACID, O-ISOPROPYL-O -TRIBUTYLSTANNYL ESTER see TIE600 SUCCINIC ACID PEROXIDE (DOT) see SNC500 SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE see SNCOOO SUCCINIC-1,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZIDE see DQD400 SUCCINIC DINITRILE see SNEOOO SUCCINIC PEROXIDE see SNC500 SUCCINODINITRILE see SNEOOO... 

Heller HG, Langan JR. Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 3. The use of (E)-a-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene)(isopropylidene)succinic anhydride as a simple convenient chemical actinometer. J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans II 1981 341-343. 

Acetic anhydride (2 ml) was added to the flask and the mixture was refluxed for several hours, then the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The last traces of solvent were removed under vacuum at room temperature, then the tar-like brown product was repeatedly sublimed to give 0.2 g (2 mmol) of white, crystalline succinic anhydride. C-NMR (dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, 50 MHz, ) resonances at 6 174.1 and 29.0 ppm Yield = 22% theoretical. 

Methoxy- and 2-acetoxy-furans are available from 2,5-dimethoxy- and 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydro-furans (18.1.1.4) via acid-catalysed elimination. They undergo Diels-Alder cycloadditions the adducts can be further transformed into benzenoid compounds by acid-catalysed opening. 3,4-Dihydroxyfuran is undetectable in tautomeric equilibria between mono-enol and dicarbonyl forms the dimethyl ether behaves as a normal furan, undergoing easy a-electrophilic substitution, mono- or dilithiation at the a-position(s), and Diels-Alder cycloadditions. 2,5-Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)furan is synthesised from succinic anhydride it too undergoes Diels-Alder additions readily. Both furan-2- and -3-thiols can be obtained by reaction of lithiated furans with sulfur in each case the predominant tautomer is the thiol form. ... 

Functionalized p-keto phosphonates. Note Dimethyl methylphosphonate, which should have exactly the same reactivity, is described in the cited report.) After reaction of the a-lithio derivative with succinic anhydride and esterification of the... 

Succinic acid anhydride. See Succinic anhydride Succinic acid, dimethyl ester. See Dimethyl succinate Succinic acid, hydroxy-. See N-Hydroxysuccinic acid Succinic acid, sulfo-, tallow ester, disodium salt See Disodium tallow sulfosuccinamate... 

Sample Preparations. Figure 2 shows the chemical structures of NBD (norbomadiene) derivatives and other dyes used in this study. NBDA (norbomadiene dicarboxylic acid) and P(MMA-co-GMA-PNCA)(20) were supplied by Prof. Nishikubo of Kanagawa University. P(NBDA//wXDA) was synthesized as previously reported(2i). Dyes of DAAB (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene), FG540 ((E)-a-2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene(isopropyl)succinic anhydride) and MAB (p-methoxyazobenzene) were of commercial purity. PMMA... 

X following reactions with acetic anhydride, dimethyl malonate, succinic anhydride and glutaric anhydride. The shifts were measured in DMSO-d6. 

Dimethyl ethanolamine Dimethyl lauramine Dimethyl palmitamine Dimethyl stearamine N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine Dipropylenetriamine Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride 2-Dodecen-1-ylsuccinic anhydride Ethylamine Ethylenediamine 2-Ethyl-4-methyl imidazole Hexadecenyl succinic anhydride Hexamethylenediamine Imidazole 1,8-p-Menthanediamine Methyidiethanolamine 4,4 -Methylenedianiline Methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride Methyl himic anhydride 2-Methyl imidazole 2-Methylpentamethylenediamine 3-Methylpiperidine Nonenyl succinic anhydride Octadecenyl succinic anhydride Octenylsuccinic anhydride N-Oleyl-1,3-propanediamine... 

Octenylsuccinic anhydride Propylene glycol Pyromellitic dianhydride Tallow acid Tetradecenyl succinic anhydride 1,1,3-Tris (hydroxyphenyl) propane m-Xylene intermediate, alkyl ether sulfates Isododecyl alcohol intermediate, alkyl phoshates Isododecyl alcohol intermediate, alkylated aromatics C14-16 alpha olefin intermediate, alkylation Diphenyl oxide intermediate, allethrin Dimethyl hexanediol intermediate, alpha olefin sulfonates C14-16 alpha olefin intermediate, alpha-olefins Ethylene... 

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