Succinic acid anhydride, additive

The dispersants prepared by the reaction of hydrocarbon substituted succinic acid anhydrides with polyamines to give linear mono- and bis-succinimides, are well known lubricating oil additives commercially available (Gutierrez and Brois, 1980 Le Suer and Norman, 1965 and 1966 Song et al., 1993, 1994 and 1995). 

Succinic acid is currently manufactured by the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to succinic anhydride, followed by hydration to succinic acid. A fermentation process for succinic acid production is desirable because in such processes, renewable resources such as starchy crops and other agricultural products can be used as feedstock for the biological production of succinic acid. It addition, a high purity product, which is required as raw material for polymer manufacture, can be obtained. 

In addition, there are reports of the following syntheses 4,5-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (8) from I-methoxy methyl-)8-carboline and succinic acid anhydride (96), 1 using 4-oxo-1,4,6,7,12,12b-hexahydroindo... 

N). This area of the process has received considerable attention in recent years as companies strive to improve efficiency and reduce waste. Patents have appeared describing addition of SO2 to improve ion-exchange recovery of vanadium (111), improved separation of glutaric and succinic acids by dehydration and distillation of anhydrides (112), formation of imides (113), improved nitric acid removal prior to dibasic acid recovery (114), and other claims (115). 

Succinic anhydride is stabilized against the deteriorative effects of heat by the addition of small amounts (0.5 wt %) of boric acid (27), the presence of which also decreases the formation of the dilactone of gamma ketopimelic acid (28). Compared with argon, CO2 has an inhibiting effect on the thermal decomposition of succinic acid, whereas air has an accelerating effect (29,30). 

Glutaric acid is a linear, five carbon molecule with carboxylic acid groups on both ends. It contains one additional carbon in length than the similar compound succinic acid. The anhydride... 

Maleic acid is a linear four-carbon molecule with carboxylate groups on either end, similar to succinic acid, but with a double bond between the central carbon atoms. The anhydride of maleic acid is a cyclic molecule containing five atoms in its ring. Although the reactivity of maleic anhydride is similar other such reagents like succinic anhydride, the products of maleylation are much more unstable toward hydrolysis, and the site of unsaturation lends itself to additional side reactions. Acylation products of amino groups with maleic anhydride are stable at neutral pH and above, but they readily hydrolyze at acid pH values (around pH 3.5) (Butler etal., 1967). Maleylation of sulfhydryls and the phenolate of tyrosine are even more sensitive to hydrolysis. 

As the box says, it s not only rate that can be affected by additional substitution. Here are the relative equilibrium constants for the formation of an anhydride from a 1,4-dicarboxylic acid (the unsubstituted acid is called succinic acid, and the values are scaled so that Jvre for the formation of succinic anhydride is 1), More substituents mean more cyclized product at equilibrium. The Thorpe-Ingold effect is both a kinetic and a thermodynamic phenomenon. 

Mono- or dialkyl esters of succinic acid are formed by the addition of fatty alcohols or ethoxylated fatty alcohols to maleic anhydride in the presence of acid catalysts. These are the hydrophobic starting material for sulfosuccinates. The next step is the addition of sodium hydrogensulfite in aqueous methanol, which forms the surface-active sulfosuccinates via a radical reaction. 

Also, in 1999, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation discovered that the addition of cyclic carboxylic acid anhydrides, such as succinic anhydride (18) and maleic anhydride (19), suppresses the decomposition of PC even when graphite anodes are used [56],... 

The reaction of A -benzyloxycarbonyl aspartic acid anhydride 61 and Ni(COD)bpy under the reaction conditions used for succinic anhydride (THF, 23 °C, 6 h) failed to give the desired nickelacycle, although the oxidative addition took place as indicated by the dark red suspension formed upon mixing. Acid hydrolysis yields //-bencyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartic acid exclusively. When the reaction is carried out in refluxing THF, an equimolecular mixture of a- and P-alanines (Z-L-a-Ala-OH and Z-P-Ala-OH) is obtained, as a result of a nonselective oxidative addition (Scheme 24 and Table 1, Entry 1). 

Anhydrides. Ring-opening poly(addition-condensation) of cyclic acid anhydrides with glycols proceeded through lipase catalysis (135). The polymerization of succinic anhydride with 1,8-octanediol proceeded using lipase PF catalyst at room temperatime to produce the polyester with M of 3x 10 . 

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