Structural Terms

Terms commonly used in struaure layout are defined in the following seaions. 

Equipment load This is the weight of equipment with all dead load attachments. 

Dead load Dead load is the weight of all structural members within the struaure, including the fireproofing. 

Earthquake load This is the specific seismic data for a particular site. 

Wind load Measured in miles per hour, wind load is the force applied to a structure at a given site. 

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The traditional association colloid is of the M R" type where R" is the surfactant ion, studied in aqueous solution. Such salts also form micelles in nonaqueous and nonpolar solvents. These structures, termed inverse micelles, have the polar groups inward if some water is present [198] however, the presence of water may prevent the observation of a well-deflned CMC [198,199]. Very complex structures may be formed in nearly anhydrous media (see Ref. 200). 

In hardwoods, morphological structural elements in longitudinal series comprise the segmented structure termed vessel . Vessels, which are exposed in transverse section, constitute about 10-46% of the stem volume in deciduous hardwoods and are cells of relatively large diameters (50-300 p.m). Vessels have in short the appearance of open vertical tubes within the wood structure because their end walls have partially dissolved. By comparison, the hardwood vessel diameter can be as much a 10 times the diameter of a softwood fiber. 

Major effort has therefore been applied to study of the helical channels by non-erystallographic methods in order to discriminate unambigously between the likely models. This has resulted in the gramicidin ion channel not only being the first clearly identified example but also the most characterised in structural terms. The bulk of... 

In species with two or more unpaired electrons, a fine structure term must be added to the spin Hamiltonian to represent electron spin-spin interactions. We confine our attention here to radicals with one unpaired electron (S = 1 /2) but will address the S > 1/2 problem in Chapter 6. 

Notice that the fine structure term found here has the same form (and the tensor is given the same symbol) as that obtained from the electron dipolar interaction. Unlike the dipolar D-tensor, however, the spin-orbit coupling D-tensor in general does not have zero trace. Nonetheless, we introduce analogous parameters ... 

In the coordinate system that diagonalizes g, the related D-tensor is also diagonal. Expanding the fine structure term in the principal axis system, we have ... 

Although it is unfortunate that spin-orbit coupling and the electron dipolar interaction give fine structure terms of the same form, it is possible to separate the effects. Since the spin-orbit contribution to D is related to the g-tensor ... 

In the above derivation, we have made no explicit assumption about the total electron spin quantum number S so that the results should be correct for S = 1 /2 as well as higher values. However, the fine structure term is not usually included in spin Hamiltonians for 5=1/2 systems. The fine structure term can be ignored since in that case the results of operating on a spin-1/2 wave function is always zero ... 

In structural terms, aggregation of porphyrin rings usually results from 7r-7r and it a electronic interactions between parallel plates 69 however, if a coordinated metal is present, and it has axial ligands, then the aromatic systems cannot come close together, and so aggregation is inhibited and PDT activity is expected to be enhanced.72... 

In structural terms, djenkolic has two units of L-cysteine joined through a CH2 group linked to sulfur atoms. It has also been found in seeds of Albizzia lophanta and Parkia speciosa32 and, as noted earlier, is the source of CS2 in Mimosa pudica (Section 11.1.2.2.2). An enzyme in A. lophanta seeds converted djenkolic acid to an unstable material with a leek-like odor, methylene dithiol 39.92 This was presumably an elimination of aminoacrylic acid 28 via intermediates 37 and 38 (Scheme 13). The methylene dithiol decomposed to H2S and possibly, thioformaldehyde, CH2S the latter might be a source for polysulfides. 

Other surface-active compounds self-assemble into bilayer structures (schematically illustrated in Fig. 10b), which normally spherilize into structures termed vesicles. When vesicles are formed from phospholipids, the term liposome is used to identify the structures, which also provide useful drug delivery systems [71]. Solutes may be dispersed into the lipid bilayer or into the aqueous interior, to be subsequently delivered through a variety of mechanisms. Liposomes have shown particular promise in their ability to act as modifiers for sustained or controlled release. 

We found that smaller shells of dynamically-restrained water molecules yielded active sites that are in broad structural terms similar to those obtained using much larger solvent shells of unrestrained molecules, without the artifacts and distortions that were apparent when restraining potentials were not used.48 This trend suggests that shells of restrained water would be an efficient model for bulk solvent in both active-site MD simulations and unconstrained-protein dynamics.49 Moreover, we found that the value of... 

The best understood in structural terms are the citrate complexes for which about seven X-ray structures have been determined (452), none of which has exactly the same composition as the drugs themselves (453). The dominant feature is the dimeric [(cit)BiBi(cit)]2-unit, where citric acid is H4cit, which contains bridging citrate anions (Fig. 20). The Bi-O(alkoxide) bond is very short (2.2 A) and strong,... 

Since the discovery of vesicular structures, termed liposomes, by Alec Bangham, a tremendous amount of work on applications of liposomes has emerged. The use of small unilamellar liposomes as carriers of drugs for therapeutic applications has become one of the major fields in liposome research. The majority of these applications are based on the encapsulation of water-soluble molecules within the trapped volume of the liposomes. Long circulating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modified liposomes with cytotoxic drugs doxorubicin, paclitaxel, vincristine, and lurtotecan are examples of clinically applied chemotherapeutic liposome formulations (1,2). 

In addition to fragment and graph indexing of polymer information, the POLID-CAS YR system also makes use of two distinct vocabularies for non-structural terms. The first vocabulary is, in essence, a controlled vocabulary of hierarchically ordered terms (taxonomy), supplemented by a second, more fluid vocabulary, which is subject to constant editing. The latter is used to further enhance the controlled vocabulary, e.g., the term isomerization , which is part of the controlled vocabulary, could be defined further by the terms racemization , tautomerization or rotation isomerization . Annotation of this kind is only a short step away from techniques, which we now associate with the terms tagging and folksonomies and which are typical components of Web 2.0 systems. POLIDCASYR s controlled vocabulary is structured according to a number of semantic categories such... 

In structural terms, the only difference between native Cex and CenA and the recombinant forms of the enzymes produced in E. coli was that the former were glycosylated. For simplicity, the glycosylated forms are referred to as gCex and gCenA, and the non-glycosylated forms as ngCex and ngCenA. 

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