Structural risk minimisation

High-temperature resistance In building structures to minimise the risk of fire e.g. expansion and compression joints, construction gaps, fire protection panels, fire doors around cable, pipe penetration... 

Each person in an organisation should be made aware of the organisation structure that governs pharmaceutical operations. In addition, individual awareness or anticipation on quality related topics is essential during day to day operations, in industry, hospital and community pharmacy. Each professional should have a leaning towards risk analysis and risk minimisation in order not be annoyed when problems pop-up. This section identifies some well-known issues from daily practice. The QP above all has to have full awareness of hazards, risks and harm. 

The technical functionality of chemical prodncts is the crucial product quality in B2B markets. Here especially trouble-free operating cycles and the minimisation of warranty risks play a decisive role. Enviromnental and health-related product qualities can only become significant for the market in places where the technical functionality is ensured and also sensitised customers or employees are available or where companies take action to secnre against scandals and create an image. The additional qualities become relevant especially on demand-dominated, dynamic markets with short product cycles and differentiated quality production. However, on stable mass markets with Fordist structures even minimum price increases or quality changes may prevent innovations or at least delay them for a long time. 

Explanations and details of these terms can be obtained in various books and pamphlets, for instance, Allen (1980) and Liversey (1983). No one parameter is self-sufficient, and alone gives a complete view of the financial status of a project or product. Therefore a number of parameters are usually calculated, and used in conjunction. They serve to give indications of how to minimise the period over which capital needs to be committed to a specific project, to show changes in the cost-structure of the process with time, and to reduce the time taken to convert the material, labour and overhead resources (the working capital) into cash in the form of profits from sales. That is, to make the cash-flow as favourable as possible. Each comparer will have different criteria as to what constitutes an acceptable financial risk when evaluating a project. Obviously healthcare product/pharmaceutical companies have quite different criteria to companies manufacturing bulk chemicals. 

Safety engineers and experts are now being asked to conduct the risk assessments required to understand the impact of component and structural failures, uncontrolled radiation or chemical releases, transient operations and unanticipated shutdowns occurring at the chemical or nuclear plant on the safe operation of the other plant. Based on these assessments, control systems and mitigation actions are being developed to minimise the impact of a component or structure failures. Finally,... 

This technology of polysulphides offers fire protection in building structures and fulfils stringent regulations for minimising the risk of fire. Under... 

Drugs sometimes have quite complicated chemical structures and are, by definition, biologically active compounds. It should not, therefore, come as a surprise that these reactive molecules undergo chemical reactions that result in their decomposition and deterioration, and that these processes begin as soon as the drug is synthesised or the medicine is formulated. Decomposition reactions of this type lead to, at best, drugs and medicines that are less active than intended (i.e. of low efficacy)-, in the worst-case scenario, decomposition can lead to drugs that are actually toxic to the patient. This is clearly bad news to all except lawyers, so the processes of decomposition and deterioration must be understood in order to minimise the risk to patients. 

Uranium dioxide has a number of properties that make it suitable for a fuel. The crystal structure is the fluorite (CaF2) type, similar to that of calcia-stabilised zirconia, and is stable to temperatures in excess of 2000 °C. Because it is a ceramic oxide, the material is refractory, chemically inert and resistant to corrosion Enrichment does not change these features. The oxide powder is pressed into pellets and sintered to a density of about 95 % maximum by traditional ceramic processing technology but is carried out in conditions that minimise risks from radiation effects. The pellets are contained in zirconium alloy (zircaloy) containers, which are then introduced into the reactor. The moderator, which... 

In any transport system, unless stationary, and in the case of air and marine on the ground or in port, respectively, easy escape from a fire is rarely possible and so it is essential that any fire hazard is recognised and minimised. Furthermore, the fire hazard and, more importantly, risk are dependent on material content, and structural design features must be known with regard to the latter, and the means of escape optimised within the overall design of the vehicle. Transport fire strategies therefore are influenced by ... 

Pharmacists will, in their work, reflect on all processes for which they are responsible, with the purpose of improving quality and availability of medicines and hence to minimise any risk of harm to patients. Quality risk management (QRM) offers a structure and tools for a systematic approach to these efforts. The process usually consists of the phases risk assessment (Sect. 21.3.1) (with sub processes risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation) and risk control... 

Fire precautions are the measures taken in the provision of the fire protection in a building or in other situations to minimise the risk to the occupants, contents and structure from an outbreak of fire. 

Several proposals were investigated but the one that was finally accepted was replacement of the existing fill with a composite concrete saddle, and CFRP strengthening to the intrados of the arch to raise the structure to full HA loading. The proposal included the installation of a cathodic protection system to minimise the risk of steel reinforcement corrosion in the future, and replacement of the existing substandard parapets with new concrete parapets. 

In all types of shallow disposal, the trenches or the structures are covered with layers of natural and/or artificial materials designed to prevent or reduce the effects of infiltration or erosion by wind and water. These layers are also designed to minimise intrusion by plants and animals. The risk of human intrusion, particularly after institutional control has ended, nevertheless generally remains a key factor in safety assessments for shallow disposal facilities. 

To describe the safe system of work which such a risk assessment shows to be necessary, a method statement may be required for example for demolition work, the erection of steel structures and asbestos removal. Method statements will be discussed later in this chapter, but it is worth observing at this point that risk assessments are used to generate method statements which are themselves a stated sequence of events designed to minimise risks by giving advance warning, knowledge and information to the recipients. 

A number of techniques have been used to minimise the risk of injury to adjacent structures. These include infusion of intrathoracic or subphrenic saline which has been described to limit diaphragmatic injury for tumours high in the hepatic dome (Kapoor and Hunter 2003 Shibata et al. 2002a). Tumours adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract have been treated with RF ablation after percutaneous interposition of a balloon between the mass and the... 

Life-cycle approach is required to manage the hazards that affect offshore installations. It should be noted that offshore saf ety study has to deal with the boundaries of other industries such as marine operations and aviation. In offshore safety study, it is desirable to obtain the optimum risk reduction solution for the total life cycle of the operation or installation, irrespective of the regulatory boundaries (UKOOA (1999)). The basic idea is to minimise/eliminate the source of hazard rather than place too high reliance on control and mitigatory measures. To reduce risks to an ALARP level, the following hierarchical structure of risk control measures should follow ... 

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