Stress proteins cadmium

Timblin CR, Janssen YMW, Goldberg JL, et al. 1998. GRP78, HSP72/73, and CJUN stress protein levels in lung epithelial cells exposed to asbestos, cadmium, or H202. Free Radio Biol Med 24 632-642. 

Liu X, Squibb KS, Akkerman M, Nordberg GF, Lipsky M, Fowler BA. Cytotoxicity, zinc protection and stress protein induction in rat proximal tubule cells exposed to cadmium chloride in primary cell culture. Renal Failure 1996 8 867-882. 

Veldhuizen-Tsoerkan, M.B., Holwerda, D.A., van der Mast, C.A. and Zandee, D.I. (1991a) Synthesis of stress proteins under normal and heat shock conditions in gill tissue of sea mussels (Mytilus edulis) after chronic exposure to cadmium. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100C, 699-706. 

Taketani, S., Kohno, H., Yoshinaga, T., and Tokunaga, R. (1989). The human 32-kDa stress protein induced by exposure to arsenite and cadmium ions is heme oxygenase. FEBS Lett. 245, 173-176. 

Kochhar, S., and V.K. Kochhar. 2005. Expression of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins in relation to combined stress of cadmium and heat in Vigna mungo seedling. Plant Sci. 168 921-929. 

Exposure of the human cell line A549 to 1-10 liM CdCb triggered a slight accumulation of glutathione, whereas this compound was depleted after exposure to concentrations of 25-100/tM of cadmium (Gaubin et al. 2000). treatment of cells with 20 or 40 mM W-acetyl-L-cysteine, which traps free radicals, was found to increase by 30 % the glutathione level and to suppress the overexpression of stress proteins. 

The proximal mechanism for induction of stress protein synthesis leading to the activation of HSF and gene activation is not completely understood, but evidence for several possibilities exists. Activation of HSF by prooxidants does not result in the accumulation of specific stress proteins (Bruce et al. 1993). These results suggest that induction of stress proteins by specific metals, whose toxicity is mediated via oxidative damage to membranes or DNA, may be fundamentally different from that of the heat-induced activation of the stress response (Keyse and Tyrrell 1987 Bruce et al. 1993). Thus, metals such as cadmium, mercury, nickel, arsenite, copper, lead, and iron, which induce oxygen free radicals or promote formation of lipid peroxides (Stacey and Klaassen 1981 Halliwell and Gutteridge 1984 Christie and Costa 1984 Kasprzak 1991 Donati et al. 1991), may... 

Cadmium has been shown to elicit stress protein synthesis in tissues in vivo. Within 2-4 h after acute dosing of rats with cadmium, an enhanced de... 

Data generated from a study of lead-induced synthesis of stress proteins illustrated that different metals have both common and individual effects on expression of stress proteins. Lead-induced stress protein synthesis was unusual in that it did not share the properties of metals, such as cadmium and arsenite, to mimic the effects of heat (Shelton et al. 1986). Rather, lead induced two minor classes of proteins. In this study, exposure of primary rat kidney epithelial cells and rat fibroblasts to lead glutamate induced synthesis of two grps and a protein of 32 kDa, which was shown to... 

A considerable number of stress protein inducers, such as cadmium, ethanol, and sodium arsenite, are as effective as heat in conditioning the cell to become thermotolerant. This type of tolerance, where the inducing and stress stimulus are different, is termed cross-tolerance. Induction of cross-... 

Prior induction of stress proteins by heat or metals has been shown to protect cells or organisms against toxic injury by metals, such as arsenite or cadmium, as was discussed in more detail in Sect. D. The mechanism for this tolerance is believed to occur via protein-protein interactions, which involves the salvaging of damaged proteins or targeting damaged proteins for proteolysis. 

The intracellular localization of stress proteins is problematic for the evaluation of the response in humans. Because the cells for the assay of stress proteins are not readily available through noninvasive procedures, the application of this response to human monitoring is limited. Recently, however, enhanced synthesis of stress proteins was demonstrated in primary cultures of human lymphocytes exposed to several metals (Yamada and Koizumi 1993). The specificity of the response was dependent on the metal to which the cultures were exposed. For example, cadmium and zinc induced both hsp70 and MT, while cobalt and triphenyltin induced only hsp70. Conversely, copper, mercury, nickel, and silver all induced synthesis of MT, but not of hsp70. Enhanced synthesis of stress proteins has also been demonstrated in vivo in lymphocytes and spleen cells excised from mice exposed to hyperthermia (Rodenhiser et al. 1985). 

Carson-Jurica MA, Lee AT, Dobson AW, Conneely OM, Schrader WT, O Malley BW (1989) Interaction of the chicken progesterone receptor with heat shock protein (hsp) 90. J Steroid Biochem 34 1-9 Cervera J (1985) Induction of self-tolerance and enhanced stress protein synthesis in L-132 cells by cadmium chloride and by hyperthermia. Cell Biol Int Rep 9 131-141... 

Goering PL, Fisher BR, Kish CL (1993a) Stress protein synthesis induced in rat liver by cadmium precedes hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 122 139-148 Goering PL, Fisher BR, Kimmel CA, Kimmel GL (1993b) Stress proteins as biomarkers of toxicity. In Travis CC (ed) Use of biomarkers in assessing health and environmental impacts of chemical pollutants. Plenum, New York, pp 95-99... 

Goering PL, Kish CL, Dick SE (1993c) Stress protein synthesis induced by cadmium in rat hepatocyte primary cultures. Toxicologist 13 160 (abstract)... 

Low-Friedrich I, Schoeppe W (1991) Effects of calcium channel blockers on stress protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17 800-806 Maines MD (1988) Heme oxygenase function. Multiplicity, regulatory mechanisms, and clinical applications. FASEB J 2 2557-2568 Maines MD, Kappas A (1977) Metals as regulators of heme metabolism physiological and toxicological implications. Science 198 1215-1221 Maines MD, Chung A-S, Kutty RK (1982) Inhibition of testicular heme oxygenase activity by cadmium a novel cellular response. J Biochem 257 14116-14121... 

IVANINA A V, TAYLOR c, SOKOLOVA I M (2009), Effects of elevated temperature and cadmium exposure on stress protein response in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Aquat Toxicol, 91,245-254. 

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