Individual effects

Changing just one of the individual input parameters at a time gives a clearer indication of the impact of each parameter on NPV (the typical indicators under investigation), although in practice there will probably be a combination of changes. The combined effect of varying individual parameters is usually closely estimated by adding the individual effects on project NPV. 

The effects of data spread should be examined for all individual parameters. These individual effects usually take place simultaneously, and the combined effect is assessed using the root—sum—square (RSS) method. The total additional surface area required to obtain a certain level of design confidence is calculated from... 

SYNERGISTIC When the combined effect, e.g. of exposure to a mixture of toxic chemicals, is greater than the sum of the individual effects. 

Generally, when two or more hazardous materials are present, their combined effect rather than either individual effect should be considered. In other words, the effects of the different hazards in a mixture should be considered additive. 

Certainly the most prominent feature of the breakdown process is its dependence on the polarity of the electric field relative to the shock-velocity vector. This effect is manifest in current pulse anomalies from minus-x orientation samples or positively oriented samples subjected to short-pulse loading (see Fig. 4.8). The individual effects of stress and electric field may be delineated with short-pulse loadings in which fields can be varied by utilizing stress pulses of various durations [72G03]. 

When two or more hazardous substances which act upon the same organ system are present, their combined effect, rather than the isolated individual effects, must be combined. If the sum of the following fractions exceeds unity, the threshold limit of the mixture has been exceeded. Thus,... 

A cooperative interaction between two or more antioxidants (or antioxidant function) that leads to an overall antioxidant effect greater than the sum of the individual effects of each antioxidant is referred to as synergism. Synergism can be achieved in different ways. It may arise from the combined action of two chemically similar antioxidants, e.g., two hindered phenols (homosynergism), or when two different antioxidant functions are present in the same molecule (autosynergism) the latter is exemplified by many commercial antioxidants (e.g., Irgastab 2002, AO 29 Table lb), which have CB and UVA activity. 

Anti-synergistic effects, on the other hand, arise when antioxidants show antagonistic effects and give rise to a reduced net effect when compared to the sum of their individual effects [42]. Antagonism during phot-oxidation of PP occurs when phenolic antioxidants, e.g.,... 

Individual effects of design characteristics on fuel economy of a typical passenger car. 

An active matrix provides the primary cracking sites. The acid sites located in the catalyst matrix are not as selective as the zeolite sites, but are able to crack larger molecules that are hindered from entering the small zeolite pores. The active matrix precracks heavy feed molecules for further cracking at the internal zeolite sites. The result is a synergistic interaction between matrix and zeolite, in which the activity attained by their combined effects can be greater than the sum of their individual effects [2J. 

In some instances it may be possible, though it is usually very difficult, to undertake laboratory corrosion tests under conditions that will be the same as those encountered in some practical application, and thus to secure some directly applicable data. More often, the conditions of service are so variable or so difficult to appraise accurately and duplicate in the laboratory that it is impractical and probably unwise to attempt to do so. A better procedure is to examine the individual effects of the several controlling factors by varying them one at a time so as to provide a picture of their influence on the... 

The n t effect of the presence of other elements is conveniently assessed by comparing the intensity of the analytical line in their presence with the intensity calculated from Equation 7-1. The net effect may be to increase the intensity over that calculated (positive), or to decrease it (negative). Individual effects may result from the following causes (1) Presence of an element with absorption coefficient smaller than that of E positive absorption effect). (2) The reverse of this situation negative absorption effect). (3) Presence of an element a characteristic line... 

These objective, quantitative tests have shown that nitrile containers should protect the taste and odor of packaged foods and beverages. But the primary consideration in judging overall package performance, once safety is assured, rests on the subjective evaluations of taste, odor, and appearance. It is well known that the animal senses, in many instances, are far more sensitive than the best instruments and also are capable of integrating the individual effects of the several influences on product quality. 

OXAZOLIDINEDIONES. Drowsiness is the most common adverse reaction and, as with the other anticonvulsants, tends to subside with continued use Visual disturbances may also occur. The patient with a visual disturbance is assisted with ambulation and oriented carefully to the environment. The nurse ensures that the environment is safe The patient may be especially sensitive to bright lights and may want the room light to be kept dim. Because photosensitivity can occur, the nurse must keep the patient out of the sun. The nurse instructs the patient to use sunscreens and protective clothing until the individual effects of the drug are known. 

Fig. 2 Individual effect on the normalized concentration of selected parameters in the effluents for the technologies used in this study. Red line indicates the decreasing concentration evolution. Circles remark the most efficient technology in each target...

Multiple feedback loops can provide additional fine control. For example, as shown in Figure 9—5, the presence of excess product B decteases the tequitement for substrate 3. Howevet, Sj is also tequited fot synthesis of A, C, and D. Excess B should thetefote also curtail synthesis of all font end products. To circumvent this potential difficulty, each end product typically only partially inhibits catalytic activity. The effect of an excess of two or more end products may be strictly additive or, alternatively, may be greater than their individual effect (cooperative feedback inhibition). 

A brief review is in order Recall that Laplace transform is a linear operator. The effects of individual inputs can be superimposed to form the output. In other words, an observed output change can be attributed to the individual effects of the inputs. From the stirred-tank heater example in Section 2.8.2 (p. 2-23), we found ... 

W-3 CHF correlation. The insight into CHF mechanism obtained from visual observations and from macroscopic analyses of the individual effect of p, G, and X revealed that the local p-G-X effects are coupled in affecting the flow pattern and thence the CHF. The system pressure determines the saturation temperature and its associated thermal properties. Coupled with local enthalpy, it provides the local subcooling for bubble condensation or the latent heat (Hfg) for bubble formation. The saturation properties (viscosity and surface tension) affect the bubble size, bubble buoyancy, and the local void fraction distribution in a flow pattern. The local enthalpy couples with mass flux at a certain pressure determines the void slip ratio and coolant mixing. They, in turn, affect the bubble-layer thickness in a low-enthalpy bubbly flow or the liquid droplet entrainment in a high-enthalpy annular flow. 

Growing experience with complex disease genetics has made clear the need to minimize type I error in genetic studies [41, 109]. Power is especially an issue for SNP-based association studies of susceptibility loci for phenomenon such as response to pharmacological therapy, which are extremely heterogeneous and which are likely to involve genes of small individual effect. Table 10.2 shows some simple estimation of required sample sizes of cases needed to detect a true odds ratio (OR) of 1.5 with 80% power and type I error probability (a) of either 0.05 or 0.005. 

Microwave heating has already been used in combination with some other (unconventional activation processes. Such a combination might have a synergic effect on reaction efficiencies or, at least, enhance them by combining their individual effects. Application of MW radiation to ultrasound-assisted chemical processes has been recently described by some authors [18, 19]. Mechanical activation has also been successfully combined with MW heating to increase chemical yields of several reactions [1]. 

Chemat and his collaborators [92] reported the UV- and MW-induced rearrangement of 2-benzoyloxyacetophenone, in the presence of bentonite, into l-(o-hydroxy-phenyl)-3-phenylpropane-l,3-dione in methanol at atmospheric pressure (Sch. 14.2). The reaction, performed in the reactor shown in Fig. 14.7, was subject to a significant activation effect under simultaneous UV and MW irradiation this corresponded at least to the sum of the individual effects (Fig. 14.11). The rearrangement, however, was not studied in further detail. Such competitive processes can be described by the diagram in Fig. 14.9, because the product obtained from both types of activation was the same. 

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