Eastern oyster

Kopfler, F.C. 1974. The accumulation of organic and inorganic mercury compounds by the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11 275-280. 

Mason JW, Rowe DR. 1976. The accumulation and loss of dieldrin and endrin in the eastern oyster. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol 4 349-360. 

Daphnia magna Eastern oysters Lepomls machrochirus... 

Schimmel, S.C. and Garnas, R.L. Results interlaboratory comparison-bioconcentration tests using the eastern oyster. Environmental Research Eaboratory, U.S. EPA Report-600/4-81-011, 1981, 199 p. 

Lytle TF, Lytle JS. 1990. Heavy metals in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, of the Mississippi sound. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 44 142-148. 

Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica 100 pg/L, embryos 1.18 mg/L embryos... 

Crassostrea virginica Eastern oyster 1 96 27 500E Montague, 2000... 

In fiscal years 1985/1986, the FDA conducted a survey of elements in fresh clams and oysters collected from U.S. coastal areas in use for shellfish production (Capar and Yess 1996). The average concentration (wet weight basis) of aluminum found in the four shellfish categories surveyed were clams (hardshell), 23 23 mg/kg (n=74) clams (softshell), 115 110 mg/kg (n=59) Eastern oyster,... 

Abbe, G.R., G.F. Riedel, and J.G. Sanders. 2000. Factors that influence the accumulation of copper and cadmium by transplanted eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Patuxent River, Maryland. Mar. Environ. Res. 49 377-396. 

Weiner, R.M., Segall, A.M., and Colwell, R.R., Characterization of a marine bacterium associated with Crassostrea virginica (the Eastern Oyster), Appl. Em. Microbiol., 49, 83, 1985. 

The long range or indirect effects have been most disturbing. The most widely used pesticides, the chlorinated hydrocarbons, are concentrated by living matter in the aquatic environment. An increasing buildup of the pesticide may occur in each link of the food chain. These effects may not be discovered for some time after initial contact, particularly if acute toxicity of the pesticide is low. Multiple contacts may increase the amount of the chemical accumulating in the animal tissues over the years. The amounts tolerated before noticeable effects vary with the particular animal species and the pesticide. Some species can tolerate larger amounts, but sooner or later are affected by decreased fertility, interference with normal food sources, and eventually death (29). The oyster is particularly efficient in its ability to concentrate chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. After seven days in water at 10 p.p.b. of DDT, eastern oysters were analyzed and found to contain 151 p.p.m. (parts per million) DDT (52). 

Plakas, S.M., El Said, K.R., Jester, E.L.E., Granade, H.R., Musser, S.M., Dickey, R.W. 2002. Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginicd) by controlled exposures to pure toxins and to Karenia brevis cultures. Toxicon 40, 721-729. 

Shuster, C.N., Jr. and Pringle, B.H. Trace metal accumulation by the American Eastern oyster Crassbstrea virgiiiica. 

Huggett, R.J., Bender, M.E., and Stone, H.D. Utilizing metal concentration relationships in the Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) to detect heavy metal pollution. Water Research 7, 451-460 (1973). 

Newell, R. I. E. (1988). Ecological changes in Chesapeake Bay Are they the result of overharvesting the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginicd)1 In Understanding the Estuary Advances in Chesapeake Bay Research (Lynch, M. P., and Krome, E. C., eds.). Chesapeake Bay Research Consortium Pubhcation 129 (CBP/TRS 24/88). Gloucester Point, VA. pp. 536—546. 

With the exception of the eastern oyster (48 h LC50 ImgM ), most aquatic species are relatively immune to the acute effects of bromoform expressing LC50 values in the range of 1600-29 000 mg M... 

Diuron has an oral LC50 of 1730 ppm in bobwhite quail and 5000 ppm in mallard ducks. The compound is relatively nontoxic to honey bees. Diuron is moderately toxic to aquatic animals such as rainbow trout, bluegill sunfish, sheepshead minnow. Eastern oyster, and brown shrimp. The LC50S of diuron in fish range from 4.3 to 42 ppm. 

Technical linuron is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates, while the formulated product is less toxic. Linuron was highly toxic to sheepshead minnow and moderately toxic to eastern oyster and mysid shrimp. Linuron is practically nontoxic to honeybees. Reproductive deficits have been noted in birds treated with linuron. 

Eastern oyster (adult) Crassostrea virginica Soft parts Mercuric chloride 74 10,000... 

Fayer, R., Graczyk, T.K., Lewis, E.J., Trout, J.M., and Farley, C.A. 1998. Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1070-1074. 

Kennedy, V.S., Newell, R.I.E., and Eble, A.F. 1996. The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginica . Maryland Sea Grant Book, Sea Grant Publication UM-SG-TS-96-01, College Park, Maryland. 

Lee, M. and Lee, E. 2003. Passage of a coccidial parasite Eimeria acervulind) through the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica). J. Food Prot. 66, 679-681. 

Lindsay, D.S., Phelps, K.K., Smith, S.A., Flick, G., Summer, S.S., and Dubey, J.P. 2001. Removal of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from sea water by eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. Suppl, 197S-198S. 

Eckelbarger, K.J. and Davis, C.V. (1996) Ultrastructure of the gonad and gametogenesis in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. I. Ovary and oogenesis. Mar. Biol., 127, 79-87. 

Eastern oyster (Holmes and Smith. I992g) 0.23 — High... 

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