Intracellular localization

Cooper, P. Ho, T.-H.D. (1987). Intracellular localization of heat shock proteins in maize. Plant Physiology, 84,1197-203. 

H. Shabany, B. Burnette, P. Hippen-MEYER, M. Heitmeier, and J.K. Barkin. Controlling the intracellular localization of fluorescent polyamide analogs in cultured cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003,... 

Our initial bioavailabihty experiments indicate that cationic aPNAs are readily intemahzed by cells without any additional delivery vehicle and that they do not affect ceU viabihty. We are currently examining aPNA internalization with other cell types as weU as the intracellular localization of aPNAs. 

Finally, the subcellular localization of CNTs is still controversial. Some reports showed that CNTs enter the cell without reaching the nucleus [140], whereas others demonstrated that CNTs can enter the nucleus [105, 141, 150]. Recently, Zhou et al. [151] demonstrated the possibility of manipulating the intracellular localization of noncovalently modified SWNTs by varying the conjugated molecule. 

The synthesis and characterization of a somatostatin receptor-specific peptide H2N-(DPhe)-cyclo[Cys-Phe-(D-Trp)-Lys-Thr-Cys]-Thr-OH, labeled with an indo-dicarbo- and an indotricarbocyanine dye at the V-terminal amino group were described in [34], The ability of these fluorescent contrast agents to target the somatostatin receptor was demonstrated by flow cytometry in vitro, wherein the indotricarbocyanine conjugate led to elevated cell-associated fluorescence on somatostatin receptor-expressing tumor cells. The intracellular localization was visualized using NIR fluorescence microscopy. 

St Johnson, D. (2005). Moving messages The intracellular localization of mRNAs. Nature Reviews Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 363-375. 

FRET probes have not only been generated to measure the phospholipase activity but to study its substrate specificity as well. Several substrates of PLA2 with a variety of head groups and labeled with a BODIPY dye and a Dabcyl quencher were created by Rose et al. and tested against different PLAs in cells to determine substrate specificity and intracellular localization [137], The specificity of PLA2 isoforms towards the number of double bonds in the sn2 position was evaluated with a small series of PENN derivatives. It was demonstrated that the cytosolic type V PLA2 preferred substrates with a single double bond [138],... 

Fig. 13 Uptake of OVA-encapsulating y-PGA-Phe nanoparticles by DCs. DCs were incubated with Texas Red-labeled OVA (TR-OVA) alone (a) or TR-OVA encapsulated within fluorescein-labeled nanoparticles (TR-OVA/FITC-NPs) (b). The intracellular localization of OVA (red) and NPs (green) was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy...

Understanding of the intracellular localization of steroid receptors has gone through a number of phases, beginning with the view that receptors translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus in the presence of hormone. Indeed, with the exception of thyroid hormone receptors, which are exclusively nuclear in location, cell fractionation studies have revealed that in the absence of hormone, steroid receptors are extracted in the soluble or cytosolic fraction. However, when steroid is present in the cell, many occupied receptors are retained by purified cell nuclei. Histological procedures, such as immunocytochemistry, have confirmed the largely nuclear localization of occupied receptors, but... 

Sauer A, RobinsonDG. Intracellular localization of posttranslational modifications in the synthesis of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Peptidyl hydroxylation in maize roots. Planta 1985 164 287-294. 

M. R., Ginsel, L. A. (1990). Intracellular localization and de novo synthesis of FcRIII in human neutrophil granulocytes. Blood 75,144-51. 

The accumulation of apo(a) in the aorta wall and in saphenous vein bypass grafts in relation to Lp(a) levels was recently demonstrated (C14, R3). Subsequently, the preferential deposition of extracellular apo(a) in atherosclerotic lesions of aortic and coronary artery tissue, in conjunction with the intracellular localization of apo(a) in macrophage-derived foam cells, has been the focus of a number of studies (N6, P7, S34, S35, W17). These careful studies also demonstrated the avid binding of Lp(a) to extracellular matrix components and the colocalization of fibrin and apo(a) in atheromatous lesions (N8, W16). 

Applications of isotopes in biochemistry have been manifold. Besides tracing pathways and following the rates of isotope uptake and their intracellular localization, labeling molecules in selected stable positions allowed studies to be made of reaction details, such as those in citrate... 

Szeimies RM, Karrer S, Abels C, Steinbach P, Fickweiler S, Messmann H, Baumler W, Landthaler M (1996) 9-Acetoxy-2,7,12,17-tetrakis-(beta-methoxyethyl)-porphycene (ATMPn), a novel photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy uptake kinetics and intracellular localization. J Photochem Photobiol B 34 67-72. 

From the data of literature it is known that water-soluble derivatives of fullerenes are able to be localized in mitochondria and influence their state as well as enzyme system (Foley et al., 2002). Such intracellular localization of fullerenes C60 could explain biologic effects under irradiation, because generation of free oxygen radicals in the cells occurs during emission of electrons from electron-transport chain of mitochondria. 

Uptake and Intracellular Localization Within Acidic Compartments... 

Intracellular Localization by Means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy... 

In order to evaluate binding, uptake, and intracellular localization of targeted drugs via CLSM, nonfluorescent molecules of interest, as well as the appropriate structures of the specimen, have to be labeled with suitable fluorophores. This technique, however, requires a number of preparative steps, including fixation and permeabilization of the sample, staining and counterstaining, as... 

The isolation and investigation of intracellular tissue peptidases is more difficult than that of extracellular peptidases, and, as a result, less is known about such peptidases. Illustrative examples of peptidases with their intracellular localization are presented in Table 2.3 [7a],... 

The intracellular localization of carboxylesterases is predominantly microsomal, the esterases being localized in the endoplasmic reticulum [73] [79] [93], They are either free in the lumen or loosely bound to the inner aspect of the membrane. The carboxylesterases in liver mitochondria are essentially identical to those of the microsomal fraction. In contrast, carboxylesterases of liver lysosomes are different, their isoelectric point being in the acidic range. Carboxylesterase activity is also found in the cytosolic fraction of liver and kidney. It has been suggested that cytosolic carboxylesterases are mere contaminants of the microsomal enzymes, but there is evidence that soluble esterases do not necessarily originate from the endoplasmic reticulum [94], In guinea pig liver, a specific cytosolic esterase has been identified that is capable of hydrolyzing acetylsalicylate and that differs from the microsomal enzyme. Also, microsomal and cytosolic enzymes have different electrophoretic properties [77]. Cytosolic and microsomal esterases in rat small intestinal mucosa are clearly different enzymes, since they hydrolyze rac-oxazepam acetate with opposite enantioselectivity [95], Consequently, studies of hydrolysis in hepatocytes reflect more closely the in vivo hepatic hydrolysis than subcellular fractions, since cytosolic and microsomal esterases can act in parallel. 

WojGiK, C. and DeMartino, G. N. Intracellular localization of proteasomes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003,... 

Figure 7. A series of monoclonal antibodies raised against nuclear proteins. HeLa cells fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies raised against nuclear proteins. The intracellular localization of these antigens are (a) dot inside the nucleolus, (b) whole nucleolus, (c) nuclear foci, (d) nucleoplasm, (e) the edge of the nucleus, (f) cytoplasm, (g) cytoskeleton, (h) plasma membrane, (i) mitochondria, (j) nucleus and cytoplasm, (k) nucleus and the paranuclear structure, and (1) paranuclear structure and nucleoplasm...

Adamson P, Paterson HF, Flail A. Intracellular localization of the P21rho Proteins. J Cell Biol 1992 113(3) 617-627. 

Suzuki T, Fujiwake H, Iwai K (1980) Intracellular localization of capsaicin and its analogues, capsaicinoid, in Capsicum fruit. 1. Microscopic investigation of the structure of the placenta of Capsicum annuum var. annuum cv. Karayatsubusa. Plant Cell Physiol 21 839-853 Ohta Y (1963) Physiological and genetical studies on the pungency of Capsicum IV. Secretory organ, receptacles and distribution of capsaicin in the Capsicum fruits. Jap J Breed 12 179-183... 

At-MNDP 31-33, 36, 108), whose mechanism of intracellular localization is related to the presence of oncogenically expressed tumor-membrane alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes 42, 108), has been demonstrated strikingly effective in an animal tumor model 33, 34, 38, 39). It has also served as a concomitant analytical probe for identifying the intracellular locus of radiotherapeutic action of this class of drug by a-particle track autoradiography 33,106-109). Phase I and II human therapeutic trials are shortly envisaged 33, 34). 

A. Azzi B. Chance (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 189, 141. Selected entries from Methods in Enzymology [vol, page(s)] Calibration of calcium binding, 260, 425-427 luminescence measurement, 260, 424-425 mitochondria-targeted hybrid protein [calcium quantitation, 260, 418, 422, 424-428 stable expression, 260, 418-421 transient expression, 260, 420 intracellular localization, 260, 421-425 reconstitution with coelenterazine, 260, 422-422] structure, 260, 418. 

Biggs, D.R., Welle, R., and Grisebach, H., Intracellular localization of prenyltransferases of isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in bean and soybean. Planta, 181, 244, 1990. 

Terzaghi, W.B., Bertekap, R.L., and Cashmore, A.R., Intracellular localization of GBF proteins and blue light-induced import of GBF2 fusion proteins into the nucleus of cultured arahidopsis and soybean cells. Plant /., 11, 967, 1997. 

In the case of intracellularly localized receptors the hormone must enter the cell in order to be able to interact with the receptor. The hormone usually penetrates the target cell by passive diffusion. The nuclear receptors can be classified as ligand-controlled transcription activators. The hormone acts as the activating hgand the activated receptor stimulates the transcriptional activity of genes which carry DNA elements specific for the receptor. 

Signal transduction via the receptor-like CD 45 protein tyrosine phosphatase in cells of the blood forming system requires its intracellularly localized phosphatase activity. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases p56 " and p59 are thought to be cellular substrates... 

Dewaste, V. Moreau, C. De Smedt, E Bex, E De Smedt, H. Wuytack, E Missiaen, L. Erneux, C. The three isoenzymes of human inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase show specific intracellular localization but comparable Ca responses on transfection in COS-7 cells. Biochem. J., 374, 41-49 (2003)... 

Verheijen, R. H., Kuijpers, J H, Schlmgemann, R O, Boehmer, A. L M, van Driel, R, Brakenhoff, J G, and Raemakers, F. C. S (1989) Ki-67 detects a nuclear matrix-associated proliferation-related antigen I. Intracellular localization during mterphase J Cell Set 92, 123-130... 

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