Acute stress

Natural disasters, catastrophic illnesses, incest, rape, and assault are but a few common life experiences that can unleash a wave of intense emotional stress. Acute stress reactions or "traumatic neuroses" were first addressed in the clinical literature during World War I, as thousands of soldiers returned from the front suffering from severe anxiety, insomnia, and nightmares attributed to "shell shock." The understanding of acute stress reactions was furthered by the pioneering work of Eric Lindeman. 

We have recently studied the influence of physical stress (acute exercise) and PB on ChE activity in blood and brain regions of male (NIH Swiss) and female (CjH-He/N-ve) mice. This study examined the interaction of acute exercise and a single PB dose (2 mg/kg, p.o.) on ChE activity in blood and brain regions of these two different strains of male and female mice. PB significantly decreased BChE activity (61% of control) in male and (31% of control) in female mice. PB significantly decreased AChE activity in RBC (72% of control) in male and (61% of control) in female mice. The interaction of PB and exercise resulted in a significant inhibition of plasma BChE activity (58% of control), RBC AChE activity (72% of control), and cortical AChE activity (84% of control) in male mice. However, there was a significant inhibition of plasma BChE activity (37% of control), RBC AChE activity (51% of control) and cortical AChE activity (80% of control) in female mice. These results showed the differences in ChE activity in male and female, which are... 

Zones Fractures - These injuries are seen in young athletes due to repeated stress. Acute injuries can be treated in a below knee walking cast for 6 weeks. When chronic symptoms are present intramedullary screw fixation is often needed. 

Steroid Hormones and Neurosteroids. Steroids (qv) can affect neuroendocrine function, stress responses, and behavioral sexual dimorphism (78,79) (see Steroids). Mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors are localized in the brain and spinal cord. In addition to genomic actions, the neurosteroid can act more acutely to modulate the actions of other receptors or ion channels (80). Pregnenolone [145-13-17, ( ) dehydroepiandosterone [53-43-0] C H2 02 (319) are excitatory neurosteroids found in rat brain, independent of adrenal... 

It is important to remember that some materials of low acute toxicity may have a significant potential for producing harmful effects by repeated exposure, and vice versa. This stresses the need for a complete overview of the toxicity of a chemical by acute and repeated exposure in the process of hazard evaluation. 

Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis is an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and weakness. Gastroenteritis has many causes, such as bacteria (food poisoning), viruses, parasites, consumption of irritating food or drink, as well as stress. Treatment for the condition depends on the underlying cause. 

Relatively selective stimulation of Pi-adrenergic receptors can be achieved with dobutamine. This is a racemic drug of which both isomers activate the Pi-receptor, and in addition the (-) isomer activates ( -receptors whereas the (+) isomer activates p2-receptors the simultaneous activation of ai- and p2-receptors results in no major net effect on peripheral resistance, and thus the overall cardiovascular effects are mediated by Pi-stimulation leading to increases in cardiac contractility and output. Dobutamine is used for the short-term treatment of acute cardiac failure and for diagnostic purposes in stress echocardiography. 

Within the nervous system, ChEs were shown to be involved in membrane conductance and transmission of excitatory amino acids, learning and memory, neurite growth, neuritic translocation and acute stress reactions. Recent findings propose AChE s involvement in apoptosome formation [2]. 

Acute infection with Hetpes simplex viruses (HSV) results in painful rashes on skin and mucous membranes. HSV-1 mainly causes cold sores around the mouth (hetpes labialis) or eyes (keratitis), whereas infection by HSV-2 mostly results in sores in the genital or anal area. Less frequently, HSV also causes severe infections in newborns or potentially fatal encephalitis. HSV remains latent and can be reactivated by stress, suppression of the immune system or other infections. 

Family of transcription factors that modulate the expression of genes which control immune, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses, as well as cell growth, responses to stress, apoptosis, and oncogenesis. All members of this family have a Rel-homology domain that contains sequences responsible for dimerization and DNA binding. In vertebrates, this family includes NF-kB1 (also known as p50), NF-kB2 (also known as p52), Rel (also known as cRel), Rel-A (also known as p65), and Rel-B. 

These drug are used for the medical treatment of agastric or duodenal ulcer, gastric hypersecretory (excessive gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid) conditions, and GERD. These drug may also be used as prophylaxis of stress-related ulcers and acute upper GI bleeding in critically ill patients. 

When the patient experiences emotional stress, infection, surgery, pregnancy, or an acute illness... 

Gray CS, Taylor R, French JM, Alberti KG, Venables GS, James OF, Shaw DA, Cartlidge NE, Bates D. The prognostic value of stress hyperglycaemia and previously unrecognized diabetes in acute stroke. Diabet Med 1987 4 237-240. 

The first suggestion that abnormal noradrenergic transmission was linked with anxiety came from Redmond s laboratory in the 1970s when he drew attention to the similarities in the symptoms and signs of anxiety with those of the acute stress response (Redmond and Huang 1979). He went on to stimulate the locus coeruleus of (chair-restrained) monkeys and showed that this caused behavioural changes, some of which resembled a cluster of behaviours displayed by the animals when under threat. This work led to the proposal that anxiety was due to (or exacerbated by) excessive... 

Curcumin possesses strong antioxidant capacities, which may explain its effects against degenerative diseases in which oxidative stress plays a major role. As previously described for flavonoids, it is unlikely that curcumin acts as a direct antioxidant outside the digestive tract since its concentration in peripheral blood and organs is very low (near or below 1 pM, even after acute or long-term supplementation). Indeed, it has been shown that the intestinal epithelium limits its entry into the body, as reflected by absorption studies in various models (portal blood perfusion, everted bags). ... 

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