Lima beans

Other common phytoalexins in food materials are pisatin, cinnamylphenols, glyceolin, phaseolin [13401 -40-6] (14), and 5-deoxykieritol in peas, beans, soybeans, and lima beans viniferin in grapes momilactones and ory2alexins in rice a-tomatine in tomato lubimen in eggplant and capsidiol in green peppers. 

The cyanogenic glycosides, phaseolunatin [554-35-8], C qH yNO, and vicianin [155-57-7], C2C)H25N02q, have been isolated from lima beans and vetch, respectively. Several studies have reported that heating (cooking) acts to decrease the quantity of HCN Hberated by these compounds upon enzymatic hydrolysis. 

LUlengewkchae, n.pl. (Bot.) Liliaceae. Lima-bohne,/. Lima bean, -holz, n. Lima wood (a dyewood). 

Approaching the matter from an entirely different angle, a semiquantitative estimation of ascorbic acid or total iodine-reducing substances might provide a suitable basis. Delays in handling involve rather marked losses of ascorbic acid. Kramer and Mahoney (20) have observed a relationship between quality and the amount of iodine-reducible substances remaining in lima beans. 

Vegetables Carrots Lima beans Fbtatoes Radishes oinach Sweet potatoes Tomatoes... 

SPARVOLIF, GALLO A, MARiNELLi D, SANTUCCi A, BOLLiNi R (1998) Novel lectin-related proteins are major components in lima bean Phaseolus lunatus L.) seeds. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1382 311-23. 

In the years 1947 and 1948 the growers of lima beans in a single county in California increased their returns by 7,500,000 by controlling wireworms. 

Soil. Approximately 5 pounds of air-dried Hanford fine sandy loam soil were selected from a lima bean field in an area where all plants had been killed by wire worms. The pH of a water slurry of this soil was 7.70. It was screened through a 20-mesh sieve, blended, and stored in a closed can. 

After 10 years of research on wireworm control in California, the application of recommended agricultural chemicals on lima beans to control this pest added 7,500,000 in income to growers in 1948. Only in recent months has it been known that this same pest reduces the production of sugar cane in some areas by nearly half consequently it is now possible to double the yield in those areas by controlling this one insect. 

Proteinase (lima bean)t601 Renin (mouse submaxillary gland)[61]... 

Highly toxic substances, such as cyanides, are sometimes feeding cues and stimulants for specialized insects. For example, instar larvae of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) strongly prefer cyanogenic foods, such as foliage of the lima bean, a plant with comparatively elevated cyanide content — up to 31 mg/kg in some varieties — in the form of linamurin (Brattsten et al. 1983). Feeding was stimulated in southern army worms at dietary levels up to 508 mg KCN/kg... 

Aletor, V.A. and B.L. Fetuga. 1988. The interactive effects of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) trypsin inhibitor, hemagglutinin and cyanide on some hepatic dehydrogenases, ornithine carbamoyltransferase and intestinal disaccharidases in weanling rats. Veterin. Human Toxicol. 30 540-544. 

Foliage of cotton that initially contained 100 mg/kg DW contained about 60 mg/kg after 7 weeks leaf residues consisted entirely of the parent diflubenzuron (Gartrell 1981). Diflubenzuron applied topically to lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) foliage was not absorbed by the plant, as expected. Injected diflubenzuron, however, was metabolized, and certain metabolites were similar to those isolated from mites (Franklin and Knowles 1981). 

The first indication of the active role of plants in producing volatile chemicals to attract the natural enemies of their herbivorous attackers was found by Dicke, Sabelis, and coworkers (7, 24) in their studies of predatory mites that prey on plant-feeding mites. They found that when herbivorous spider mites feed on lima bean leaves, the plant releases a blend of volatiles that attracts predatory mites. The blend produced differs between plant species and varies depending on the species of spider mite that is attacking the plant. The blends even differ between plant cultivars infested with the same spider mite species, and the predatory mites can detect these differences (25,26). Artificially damaged leaves are not attractive to the predatory mites. 

Cyanide is usually found in compounds (substances formed by joining two or more chemicals). Cyanide can interact with metals and other organic compounds (compounds that include carbon). Sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide are examples of simple cyanide compounds. Cyanide can be produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae, and is found in a number of foods and plants. In your body, cyanide can combine with a chemical (hydroxocobalamin) to form vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). In certain plant foods, including almonds, millet sprouts, lima beans, soy,... 

You may be exposed to cyanide by breathing air and drinking water, touching soil or water containing cyanide, or eating foods that contain cyanide. Many plant materials, such as cassava roots, lima beans, and almonds, naturally contain low-to-moderate levels of cyanide. The concentration of hydrogen cyanide in unpolluted air is less than 0.0002 parts per million (ppm ... 

Over 2,650 plant species can produce hydrogen cyanide (Seigler 1991 Swain et al. 1992). These include edible plants such as almonds, pits from stone fruits (e.g., apricots, peaches, plums, cherries), sorghum, cassava, soybeans, spinach, lima beans, sweet potatoes, maize, millet, sugarcane, and bamboo shoots (Fiksel et al. 1981). The cyanogenic glycoside content of a foodstuff is usually expressed as the amount of cyanide released by acid hydrolysis glycoside concentrations are rarely reported (WHO 1992). 

An additional emission band near 350 nm has been observed for lima bean trypsin inhibitor (LBTI).(173) The authors discussed both the possibility of contamination by tryptophan and excited-state tyrosinate formation. Since this 350-nm emission has a tyrosine-like excitation spectrum that is slightly shifted compared to that of the major 302-nm emission, it is also possible that the tyrosine residue in a fraction of the LBTI molecules could be hydrogen bonded. This model is supported by the observations that the phenol side chain is shielded from solvent and has an anomalously high pKa. 

X.-Y. Liu, K. O. Cottrell, and T. M. Nordlund, Spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching of tyrosine in lima bean trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor and model peptides, Photochem. 

Plants respond to the mechanical or insect herbivore damage of their tissues." During herbivorous attacks, some plants emit a specific blend of volatiles, which may result in defense responses retarding development of the herbivores or attraction of herbivore enemies to feed upon them. In lima bean leaves, the spider mite-induced volatiles, as well as infestation and artificial wounding, activate the ethylene and JA signaling pathways. ... 

Wheeler, H.G., Smith, F.F., Yeomans, A.H., and Fields, E. Persistence of low-volume and standard formulations of malathion on lima bean foliage, J. Econ. EntomoL, 60 400-402, 1967. 

Arimura G-i, Ozawa R, Shimoda T, Nishioka T, Boland W, Takabayashi J (2000) Herbivory-induced volatiles elicit defence genes in lima bean leaves. Nature 406 512-515... 

Bouwmeester HJ, Verstappen FWA, Posthumus MA, Dicke M (1999) Spider mite-induced (3S)-( )-nerolidol synthase activity in cucumber and lima bean. The first dedicated step in acyclic Cll-homoterpene biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 121 173-180... 

Mithofer A, Wanner G, Boland W (2005) Effects of feeding Spodoptera Uttoralis on lima bean leaves. II. Continuous mechanical wounding resembling insect feeding is sufficient to elicit herbivory-related volatile emission. Plant Physiol 137 1160-1168... 

Ballhorn, D. J., Hell, M. and Lieberei, R. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity of cyanogen-esis in lima bean Phaseolus lunatus - Activity and activation of beta-glucosidase. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32(2) 261-275. 

Bioavailability of starch. Cooked rice was administered to colectomized rats by gastric intubation and the recovery of starch in the ileal digesta measured after 10 hours of ingestion. Significant starch (11-15%) was recovered from animals fed peas, lima beans, or kidney beans 0.2-0.4% of starch from rice. Oligosaccharide extraction, the size of the test meal, and the amount of starch did not affect starch biovailability . cAMP accumulation. Methanol extract of the grain, in cell culture at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, was active on mast cells " . 

Lima bean Phaseolus vulgaris, lunatus, radiatus... 

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