Spleen containing

Human foods that are particularly rich in copper (20 to 400 mg Cu/kg) include oysters, crustaceans, beef and lamb livers, nuts, dried legumes, dried vine and stone fruits, and cocoa (USEPA 1980). In humans, copper is present in every tissue analyzed (Schroeder et al. 1966). A 70-kg human male usually contains 70 to 120 mg of copper (USEPA 1980). The brain cortex usually contains 18% of the total copper, liver 15%, muscle 33%, and the remainder in other tissues — especially the iris and choroid of the eye. Brain gray matter (cortex) has significantly more copper than white matter (cerebellum) copper tends to increase with increasing age in both cortex and cerebellum. In newborns, liver and spleen contain about 50% of the total body burden of copper (USEPA 1980). Liver copper concentrations were usually elevated in people from areas with soft water (Schroeder et al. 1966). Elevated copper concentrations in human livers are also associated with hepatic disease, tuberculosis, hypertension, pneumonia, senile dementia, rheumatic heart disease, and certain types of cancer (Schroeder et al. 1966). 

Bacq and Fischer (11) have reported that extracts of mammalian spleen contained only noradrenaline, extracts of mammalian coronary nerves and arteries only adrenaline, but extracts of splenic nerves and sympathetic chains yield a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline. They have interpreted this variation as being due to the probability that the synthesis of adrenaline is through the transmethylation of noradrenaline as a final step and that this takes place slowly or not at all in some tissues. 

The distribution of chromium(III) in humans was analyzed using a whole-body scintillation scanner, whole-body counter, and plasma counting. Six individuals given an intravenous injection of 51chromium(III) as chromium trichloride had >50% of the blood plasma chromium(ni) distributed to various body organs within hours of administration. The liver and spleen contained the highest levels. After 3 months, the liver contained half of the total body burden of chromium. The study results indicated a three-compartment model for whole-body accumulation and clearance of chromium(III). The half-lives were 0.5-12 hours for the fast component, 1-14 days for the medium component, and 3-12 months for the slow component (Lim et al. 1983). 

A single injection of cord factor, which by itself has no lasting deleterious effects, causes tuberculous infections to progress more rapidly than they otherwise would thus, mice receiving an injection of cord factor prior to infection die sooner than controls their lungs, livers, and spleens contain a greater number of viable tubercle bacilli than do the organs of control animals. 

Santoianni and Rothman found DNase II (active at pH 5), but no DNase I in rat and human epidermis (S3). It was not present in the dermis. Magnesium ions at concentrations above 1 milf and polyvalent anions above 5 milf inhibited the activity. The activity found in human epidermis was 7.6 /ig of deoxypentose-P liberated per hour per milligram of supernatant protein (or 0.4 ng of deoxypentose-P per hour per milligram of dry tissue or 0.5 tg of deoxypentose-P per hour per microgram of DNA-P). This is equivalent to approximately 70 ng of DNA split per minute per milligram of dry tissue, or 8 ng of DNA split per minute per microgram of DNA in the tissue. Rat epidermis and rat spleen contained approximately 8 times as much DNase II as human epidermis. 

Thus, the bulk of evidence available to date would suggest at least in mice that the spleen contains a population of thymic hormone-responsive lymphoid cells that functions mainly in the suppression of immune responses, perhaps masking concomitant helper effects. In the thymus, the predominant effects of thymic peptides appear to be the induction of functional helper cells, possibly by the enhancement of lymphokine production. The effects of thymulin, thymosin, or other thymic factors on IL-2 production may indeed represent a major function of the endocrine thymus, since IL-2 has been shown to be a potent physiological promoter of T cell maturation (Ruscetti and Gallo, 1981). 

An overlapping pattern of sstl-5 mRNAs has also been observed in many peripheral tissues. It should be noted that these are relatively rare and have usually been detected using sensitive RT-PCR methods. In the rat certain tissues such as small intestine and spleen contain all five sst mRNAs while... 

Fig. 2.4 Monoclonal antibodies. After injecting the antigen and generating several clones of antibodies, the spleen containing B-cells is removed. Hybridoma cells are made by fusing spleen B-ceUs with a myeloma cell culture line. To isolate the individual hybridoma cells producing one clone of antibody, the mixed hybridoma culture is highly diluted and plated in 96-well plates with one cell or less per well...

Perhaps the most convincing piece of evidence that the two enzymes are different is that purified heme oxygenase (from the pig spleen) contains no detectable cytochrome P450. So, although the hydroxylating activity of the two enzymes is similar, heme itself is the substrate for heme oxygenase. 

The spleen is constantly enlarged, possibly by vicarious erythropoiesis. The spleen contains large amounts... 

The predominant fatty acid of the cera-mide part is lignoceric acid. Whereas haematoside is free of hexosamine, a ganghoside isolated from bovine erythrocytes and spleen contains N-acetyl-glucosamine and an additional galactose molecule. The exact structure of this ganglioside is shown below ... 

It has been shown (for review see Du Pasquier, 1973) in studies with tadpoles, that the first antibody response could be detected in spleens containing 10 cells. A small larvae of Xenopus laevis at 4 weeks of larval life may have about half a million lymphocytes, from which (if thymus cells, immature cells and T cells are subtracted) not more than 100000 lymphocytes might be presursors of antibody-forming cells. Are these 100000 cells able to cope with the whole spectrum of immunogenic determinants which an animal of this size may encounter ... 

First of all it should be noted that because of its inhomogeneity mouse spleen is not the ideal material for these experiments. The spleen contains a lot of erythroblasts, mega-caryocytes, plasma cells, lymphocytes, leucocytes and erythrocytes which of course have different activities of purine salvage enzymes. 

A phosphoprotein phosphatase from beef spleen contains one atom of iron per molecule (Campbell and Zerner, 1973) and is activated by reducing agents. Similar iron-containing phosphatases have been isolated from Neurospora crassa (Jacobs et al, 1971) and kidney beans (Nochmunson et al, 1974). 

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