Sterilization Salmonella

Class II recalls are those in which the use of or exposure to a product found in violation of the law may cause a temporary health problem that is reversible, or in which the situation would not cause serious adverse health consequences. Examples of this type of recall would include uncertainty of the sterility of an injectable product, Salmonella contamination of various types of oral dosage forms, inadequate directions for use, and improper buffering of solution for injection [20]. 

Microbial contamination, especially by salmonellas, is a risk when sprouts are produced commercially for human consumption. For recombinant protein production, seeds can be washed with water and surface-sterilized using hypochlorite solution. Sprouts can also be surface-sterilized during sprouting, by the addition of mild hypochlorite solution directly into the growth medium. Eventually, the hypochlorite is diluted out with pure water or growth medium. In our experiment on plate count agar [28], the sprouts showed no bacterial growth after sterilization with 1% sodium hypochlorite. 

Salmonella Sterile municipal 23 2 log reduction after 45 Santo-Domingo et al. 

Internalization of E. coli 0157 H7 and Salmonella into growing Arabidopsis plants when pathogens were introduced into soil No surface sterilization Confocal microscopy to detect internalized populations Cooley et al. (2003)... 

No internalization of Salmonella in tomato fruit when inoculum was applied to the roots of growing plants No surface sterilization Screening for Salmonella in ripened fruit Jablasone et al. (2004)... 

Aggregation of Salmonella in stomata and cut cuticle cracks No surface sterilization Duffy et al. (2005)... 

Internalization of Salmonella in parsley leaves No surface sterilization Lapidot and Yaron (2007)... 

No internalization of E. coli 0157 H7 or Salmonella when introduced into the water for irrigating 3-33-day posttransplanted lettuce plants Surface sterilization using 80% ethanol followed by 0.1% HgCl2 Erickson et al. (2008)... 

After aflatoxin contamination, perhaps the next most important factor that has a negative effect on human health and food quality is the presence of food borne bacteria. Several routes for reduction of the risk are currently under extensive investigation. One such means of risk reduction is the utilization of ionizing radiation treatments on meat food products. Ionizing radiation has been demonstrated to be an effective method to reduce or eliminate several species of food borne human pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Trichinella, and Yersinia Chapter 23). If proper processing conditions are used, it is possible to produce high quality, shelf-stable, commercially sterile muscle foods. 

Fig. 31.2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of doubly labeled PCR product (lane 2) obtained from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 with the doubly labeled primer set IS200. Lane 3 Molecular weight marker (OX174-Hinf I genome). No band was obtained with sterile water used as a negative PCR control (lane 1).

Radiation sterilization produces foods that are stable at room temperature and requires a dose of 20 to 70 kGy. At lower doses, longer shelf life may be obtained, especially with perishable foods such as fruits, fish, and shellfish. The destruction of Salmonella in poultry is an application for radiation treatment. This requires doses of 1 to 10 kGy. Radiation disinfestation of spices and cereals may replace chemical fumigants, which have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years. Dose levels of 8 to 30 kGy would be required. Other possible applications of irradiation processing are inhibition of sprouting in potatoes and onions and delaying of the ripening of tropical fruits. 

Fermentations in larger vessels and the final trade fermentation are conducted imder quasi-sterile conditions, and yeast growth is accompanied by some growth of contaminant bacteria. These are generally lactic acid-producing organisms but are sometimes coliform bacteria the occurrence of Salmonella in fermentor liquids has not been reported. Massive contamination with Oidium lactis or wild yeasts has been reported. 

Special precautions to maintain the integrity of the reference material are described in the certification report [37] they include the storage at (-20 5)°C, the handling procedure (e.g. equilibration, use of sterile forceps, etc.), and advice on the detection procedure for Salmonella. 

Multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 10 1 and 2x10 1 (Salmonella THP-1 cells) were used. Salmonella cells were harvested at 3500 rpm for 8 min, washed 3 times in PBS and resuspended in 200 pL fresh antibiotic free RPMI medium. Bacteria and THP-1 cells were incubated together for 40 min at 37 C and were then decanted into sterile tubes and washed twice in pre-warmed PBS. Colistin was added at 50 pg/mL to inactivate extracellular bacteria and 200 pL of the cultures were placed into a black, clear-bottomed 96 well-plate. 0.1% saponin was added at time 180 min where appropriate. Imx and lux cultures of S. Typhimurium DT104 were used as controls. Bioluminescence was measured over 24 hours in an automated luminometer (Anthos) at 37 °C. 

Microbiological contamination, included as part of spoilage , is totally undesirable when products are sterile. Pathogenic organisms should ideally be absent in products where the presence of such organisms would cause concern (e.g. Listeria, Salmonella, Clostridium botulinum). 

The eggs should be broken and the contents homogenised aseptically. One volume of homogenate should be added to five volumes of sterile culture medium to dilute the enzyme lysozyme, which dissolves bacterial cell walls. The preparation is then tested for Salmonella,... 

It is recommended that chicken should be examined for Salmonella by placing it in a sealed plastic bag with 100 ml of sterile water. The chicken should be allowed to thaw (if frozen) and washed thoroughly with the water. The liquid should be collected, added to an equal volume of Salmonella double strength enrichment medium, and tests for Salmonella carried out. 

To determine whether the mutagenic activity was due to conversion of cycasin to MAM by intestinal flora, as had been reported for carcinogenic action, an antibiotic was used to partially sterilize the large intestine. Mice were treated with (a) cycasin, 10 mg orally, 2 hr before Salmonella (b) ampicillin, 2 mg orally, 20 and 40 hr before Salmonella (c) neither compound or (d) both compounds. Intestinal bacteria were enumerated by using the caecum contents as an indicator of its population. After the peritoneal fluid was withdrawn from four mice, the caeca were removed, rinsed in sterile saline to remove adhering Salmonella and minced in 10.0 ml saline. Samples were then treated, using standard bacteriological procedures, and intestinal contents, prototrophic and auxotrophic, were plated in triplicate. 

Microbial contamination of packaging materials Salmonella testing Sterilization effectiveness... 

Some work has also been carried out in the U.K. on the irradiation of animal feeds to eliminate salmonellae. Even at a dose of 1 Mrad, there is no effect on the protein value of meat and fish meals, and the process is therefore quite attractive. Diets for laboratory animals, particularly those intended for specific pathogen-free colonies, have also been radiation sterilized, and this work is now being carried out on a limited commercial basis. 

Raw materials. Raw materials from natural origin may be highly contaminated with micro-organisms especially spore-forming bacteria and moulds and in some cases with more critical Enterobacteriaceae. Soon after a publication on salmonellosis in more than 200 persons caused by the contamination of thyroid tablets with two types of Salmonella originating from the raw material [53], proposals for the examination of non-sterile pharmaceutical preparations and acceptance criteria were published [54]. 

Tests for microbial limits may also have to be considered depending on the nature of the API, its method of manufacture, and its intended use. Sterility testing may be appropriate for APIs that will be used in parenteral or oral solution products that are sterile. Endotoxin testing may be needed for APIs intended for injectable products. Testing for the total count of aerobic microorganisms, yeasts, and molds and the absence of specific objectionable bacteria, such as Staphylococ-cus aureus, Escherichia coli. Salmonella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may also be required. The tests described in the various compendia are generally used. 

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