Specific pathogen free

Hall, GA., Rutter, J.M. and Beer, R.J. (1976) A comparative study of the histopathology of the large intestine of conventionally reared, specific pathogen free and gnotobiotic pigs infected with Trichuris suis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 86, 285—292. 

If possible, specific pathogen free (SPF) animals should be used. 

Groups of 50 male and 50 female specific pathogen-free bred Wistar rats, six weeks... 

Individual variation in antibody response is often significant, so it is advisable to immunize more than one animal (two or three rabbits per immunogen is recommended). Immune responses are generally poorer in specific pathogen-free rabbits, probably reflecting their greater immune naivity. 

The standard B6.mFcRn—/— stock and FCRN-humanized B6.mFcRn—/— stocks show no evidence of failure to thrive when maintained in conventional, specific pathogen-free conditions. 

Animal facility and equipment a specific pathogen free (SPF) Animal facility for mice is required other equipment is indicated where needed in the methods section. 

Animals Specific pathogen-free female New Zealand white rabbits weighing 3.2-3.5 kg. 

Specific pathogen free rabbits should be used in these experiments to reduce the possibility of respiratory pathogens such as Pasteurella multocida influencing experimental results. 

Abbreviations LDy, median lethal dose LOAEL, lowest observable adverse effect level NO ALL, no observed adverse effect level NR, not reported ppm, pans per million SPD, spontaneous pulmonary disease 5PF, specific pathogen-free. 

Kullberg, M. C., Ward,J. M., Gorelick, P. L., Caspar, P., Hieny, S., Cheever, A., Jankovic, D., and Sher, A. (1998). Helicobacter hepaticus triggers colitis in specific-pathogen-free interleukin-10 (IL-lO)-deficient mice through an IL-12- and gamma interferon-dependent mechanism. Infect. Immun. 66, 5157-5166. 

Isolation does, however, not mean that access to the test system or their housing or treatment localities generally needs to be restricted, save in some special circumstances, and apart from what would be dictated by sound scientific reasons. An example in case would be the restrictions for the access to certain animal facilities Because of special requirements, e.g. because of a specific pathogen-free or even sterile environment, access to these may have to be limited to authorised persons only. 

Where animals are used, mice and rats are the preferred models. Other species used are hamsters, guinea pigs and rabbits. These animals are bred in a specially controlled environment, under specific pathogen-free conditions, to ensure that they do not carry infections or pathogens before being used in various tests. Different breeds or strains of animals are used, for example, BALB/c mice are used for immunity studies and Fischer - 344 mice for carcinoma evaluation. Nude mice (in addition to the nude gene, which results in the absence of thymus and T-cell function) have two other... 

The sanitary status of the animals used for production should be defined, monitored, and recorded. Some animals should be handled as defined in specific monographs (e.g. Specific Pathogens Free flocks). 

NOD.H-2 mice are presently considered as an animal model for autoimmune thyroiditis. In 2005, NOD.H-2 mice were introduced from the Jackson Company, USA, and raised at the experimental animal center of the China Medical University under specific pathogen-free conditions. 

In addition, when CXCR2 mice were derived in a specific pathogen-free environment, massive expansion of neutrophils and B cells in bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and blood was observed however, this phenotype was not observed for mice derived in a germ-free environment (36). This may be due to... 

Trichuris suit has additional characteristics that make it an attractive candidate. Human whipworms T. trichiura) can be obtained only from colonized primates. 77 suis is obtained from pigs raised in a specific pathogen-free environment. For the published studies, adult worms were collected from the colon, washed and cultured in vitro to collect freshly deposited ova. These ova were washed extensively and incubated for months to allow embryonation. This removed the risk of contaminating the T suis ova with other infectious agents. Since T. suis is present in many pig herds, farmers must be exposed to 77 suis and this organism has not been documented to cause human disease. This suggests that any risk from using this helminth is likely to be small. 

Biosecurity measures in specific pathogen free shrimp hatcheries 331 Table 10.1 Shrimp farming eras based on FAO data of global production... 

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