Steam chamber

Polyamides (nylons) are thermoplastic fibers that retain their form produced by heat treatment. They are usually given an alkaline scour and then heat-set. The heat-setting treatment is conducted at ca 10°C above the subsequent wet processiag steps this ensures good form retention after processiag. Woven fabrics are usually heat-set on a contact heat-setting machine and nylon tricot is generally heat-set on a tenter frame or ia steam chambers. 

Desizing in a steam chamber is a fully continuous process. The desizing reaction is performed in a steam chamber at 95—100°C. This demands the most temperature-stable amylase available. 

Dampf-kanal, m. steam pipe steam port, -kasten, m. steam box, steam chest steaming chamber. 

The article describes the process of producing expanded polypropylene foam parts with a solid integral skin on one side, citing a bicycle helmet moulded from BASF s Neopolen EPP bead, as an illustration. The self-skinning EPP process reqnires some modification of standard beadmoulding equipment, needing an extra steam chamber. Automotive interior trim is a potential application for the process. 

UHT milk differs from pasteurized milk mainly in the heat treatment employed for sterilization. Usually UHT milk is heated at 130° to 150°C for 2 to 8 seconds and is then aseptically packaged. In the final heating stage, steam is injected directly into the milk, or the milk is infused into a steam chamber, followed by flash evaporation to remove added water (steam). An alternative procedure, the indirect method, involves heating milk across a stainless steel barrier, using high-pressure steam as the heating medium (Mehta 1980). 

In the semicontinuous pad roll process, after impregnation with the pad liquor, the material is batched up and stored in an air-free steam chamber (dry and wet temperature ca. 98°C) where it is rotated slowly for about 1 h. By this procedure, the dye is almost completely fixed. Excellent penetration is obtained. 

According to this report, two million Jews had already been murdered in Treblinka by this method (thus, about 17,000 per day ) it said that after the Germans had begun to also kill non-Jewish Poles with steam, the entire population of Poland had the spectre of death in the steam chambers before its mind s eye. 

For the orthodox Holocaust historians, all of this is naturally most embarrassing, and many of them resort to shameless falsification of the historical sources. This is particularly true of the Israeli historian Yitzhak Arad, whose book Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps56 is regarded as the standard work about these three camps. Arad mentions in it the report of November 15, 1942, but brazenly substitutes gas chambers for the embarrassing steam chambers 57... 

The suppression of the steam chambers in favor of gas chambers received its impetus from a report of the Jewish-Polish cabinetmaker Jankiel Wiemik, which first appeared in May 1944 in the Polish language but was then translated into English that same year. Wiemik, who according to his statements had been interned in Treblinka for a year and had escaped from there, plagiarized in this text the report of the resistance movement of November 15, 1942, but replaced the steam chambers with gas chambers in every instance and mentioned a motor as the instrument, without, however, specifying that it had been a diesel motor. Evidently he believed - with good reason - that steam as a murder method was all too unbelievable. 

After impregnation with scouring liquor, the fabric is quickly pre-heated in a steam chamber or by an infra-red radiation. When it has reached a high enough temperature, the fabric is introduced into a transportable reaction chamber heated by steam injection, where it is stored in a rotating roller. The reaction time is of the order of 1-1.5 h at 100 C. 

Figure 5-15. Commercial Markal (I C I) machine and combined washer, hylene (TCE) in the dewaxing vessel which is divided into number of seperate compartments. From the last compartment the cloth passes through a solvent seal and heavy mangle where much extrained solvent is removed from the cloth. The cloth then passes through a chamber into which steam is injected. Thus rapid evaporation of solvent in the cloth and the mixture of steam and TCE vapour is condensed and returned to the solvent seal where the solvent and water are seperated. In alternative method, the solvent is removed from the cloth by the use of an enclosed hot water (95°C) bath instead of steam chamber [22]. After passing through...

Markal Process developed by ICI for desizing and scouring of fabric involves the treatment of a suspension of enzyme, TCE and surfactant solution [25]. The material after treatment for 10-20 sec passes through a steaming chamber where the solvent is flashed-off. About 80% saving in steam consumption is reported. 

A greater measure of continuity is achieved in the Pad-steam process in which the cloth is first pigment-padded, dried, padded with sodium hydroxide and hydrosulphite, passed through a steam chamber to reduce and fix the vat dye, and finally finished off in a soaping and rinsing range. 

The addition of urea is expensive and, as an alternative, fixation can be enhanced by passing the goods through a steaming chamber for 5 to 15 second.s after dyeing and before washing off. The temperature in the chamber should not be less than 100°C (212°F). 

The double padding method makes it possible to work with a very stable stock solution of the dye containing no alkali whatsoever. The cloth is first padded with the dye solution and then dried, after which it is impregnated with alkali and salt. It then passes into a steaming chamber where the dyestuff is fixed, and finally washed off. The sequence of operations is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 22.7. There are other permutations of the sequence of events in continuous ranges but, with the exception... 

Steam-heated calandrias with process boiling temperature less than 100°C can present control problems, especially at reduced rates and during start-up. In most such cases, low-pressure steam is used for heating. Control is usually achieved by throttling the entering steam in order to reduce the pressure at which it is condensed. At reduced rates this often results in steam pressures less than atmospheric or less than the steam condensate return system pressure. The steam is usually removed through steam traps which require a positive pressure differential to fiinction. In order for the trap to function, steam condensate floods part of the steam chamber imtil the steam pressure is sufficient to operate the trap. This leads to poor control and all the problems associated with condensate flooding. 

Has the steam control valve been adequately sized What is the actual steam pressure in the steam chamber ... 

To avert high-pressure blow-outs of plumbing and equipment, pressure gauges and pop-off valves should be installed in the following places (1) in the condenser to sense product pressure, (2) near the base of the stripping and rectifying column sections to sense internal column pressure, and (3) in the reboiler steam chamber or the steam injector nozzle to sense steam pressure being applied. 

Kwer is steam instead of gunpowder. The gun has a num-r of steam chambers connected with the bore, so as to use steam pressure successively and act on the principle of accelerated velocity, on the plan of IlaskeVs gun. 

Disinfection of articles on a large scale iB carried out by the use of large steam chambers. 

As for mustard-contaminated clothing, the recommendation was to expose it to the open air for 48 hours or longer if the weather was cold. A quicker method was to leave the clothing inside a steam disinfecting chamber for 3 hours, but steam chambers were normally not available to front line troops.14 26 34... 

Steam irons are intended to produce steam smoothly and efficiently by having drops of water fall on a small hot area of the metal sole plate called the steam chamber. The steam generated exits through holes in the bottom of the sole plate that is in contact with the fabric. However, when the iron is new, the clean metal surface of the steam chamber is likely to act like a metal griddle. The water droplet will dance around the surface on a thin layer of steam. The contact with the metal surface is minimal and so is the rate of steam production. 

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