Starch nanostructured

Mishra, P. Yadav, R. S. and Pandey, A. C. (2009). Starch assisted sonochemical synthesis of flower-like ZnO nanostructure. Digest.. Nano. Bios., 4,193-198. 

Oluwafemi, O. S. (2009). A Novel Green Synthesis of Starch-Capped CdSe Nanostructures. Journal of Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 73, 382-386. 

Dang, J. M. C., Braet, F., and Copeland, L. (2006). Nanostructural analysis of starch components by atomic force microscopy. /. Microsc. 224,181-186. 

It was also found that the presence of some metal ions and borates can effectively accelerate the hydrothermal carbonization of starch, which shortens the reaction time to some hours. Thus, iron ions and iron oxide nanoparticles were shown to effectively catalyze the hydrothermal carbonization of starch (< 200 °C) and also had a significant influence on the morphology of the formed carbon nanomaterials [10]. In the presence of Fe2+ ions, both hollow and massive carbon microspheres could be obtained. In contrast, the presence of Fe203 nanoparticles leads to very fine, rope-like carbon nanostructures, reminding one of disordered carbon nanotubes. 

Because CDs are nontoxic, biodegradable, and bioabsorbable, they may be used in medical applications, as well as providing for the fabrication of more environmentally responsible polymer materials. In this report we have summarized almost exclusively our own recent studies employing the cyclic starch derivatives called cyclodextrins to both nanostructure and functionalize polymer materials. Lest the reader gets the erroneous impression that our studies have been carried out in isolation, we refer to a recent review [120], and a summary [121], describing related... 

An, H. J., Yang, H. S., Liu, Z. D., and Zhang, Z. Z. (2008). Effects of heating modes and sources on nanostructure of gelatinized starch molecules using atomic force microscopy. 

In the following years, nanostructural differences in the particle morphology and thus differing gas diffusivity was identified as the cause of a different oxidative stability of microencapsulated nutritional oils. When using a octenylsuccinate-derivatized starch with a high proportion of low molecular weight disaccharides, a significant inhibition of autoxidation compared to a carrier... 

Fibers have been widely used in polymeric composites to improve mechanical properties. Cellulose is the major substance obtained from vegetable fibers, and applications for cellulose fiber-reinforced polymers have again come to the forefront with the focus on renewable raw materials. Hydrophilic cellulose fibers are very compatible with most natural polymers. The reinforcement of starch with ceUulose fibers is a perfect example of a polymer from renewable recourses (PFRR). The reinforcement of polymers using rigid fillers is another common method in the production and processing of polymeric composites. The interest in new nanoscale fillers has rapidly grown in the last two decades, since it was discovered that a nanostructure could be built from a polymer and layered nanoclay. This new nanocomposite showed dramatic improvement in mechanical properties with low filler content. Various starch-based nano-composites have been developed. 

The interest in new nanoscale fillers has rapidly grown in the last two decades, since it was discovered that a nanostructure could be built from a polymer and layered nano-filler, such as nanoclay. This new technique has been widely used in starch-based materials. 

Natural montroriUonite and organically modified MMT with methyl tallow bis-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium cations located in the silicate gallery (Cloisite 30B) were evaluted in starch-based nanocomposite [232]. It was observed that the TPS/ Cloisite Na-t nanocomposites showed higher tensile strength and thermal stability, better barrier properties to water vapor than the TPS/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites, as well as the pristine TPS, due to the formation of the intercalated nanostructure. Perez et al. [233] compared three different clays (Cloisite Na+, Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 10A) and found the best properties were achieved with Cloisite lOA due to their greatest compatibility with the matrix. 

Such development has justified the significant industrial investment made by Novamont to build the first local biorefinery of this type in Europe, which comprises plants for the production of nanostructured starch and polyesters from vegetable oils. Moreover, new investments on monomers from vegetable oils from local crops will permit a further up-stream integration of the biorefinery. 

In addition, newer aspects, such as the effects of sustainable materials based on starch on the macro or nanostructure and subsequent processing, thermomechanical properties and performance properties of plasticized starch pol5mciers have been examined (10). Specific structures and the resulting properties are controlled by many specific factors, such as filler shape, size and surface chemistry, processing conditions and environmental aging. In case of nanosized biocomposites, the interfadal interactions are extremely important to the final nanostructures and performance of these materials. 

Starch, cellulose, and related substances are widely used in pharmaceutical, food, and other industries (Whistler et al. 1984, Young 1986, Frazier et al. 1997, Stenius 2000, Eliasson 2004), and their extraction from natural materials is carried out by water or water/organic mixtures (Minina and Kaukhova 2004) that can influence the product structure and other characteristics. Composites with starch or cellulose, drugs and highly disperse adsorbents can be used in medicine. These nanocomposites are characterized by enhanced activity of biopolymers and drugs because of their transformation into a nanostructured state during interactions with sohd nanoparticles that enhance their bioaccessibiUty. 

Szymonska, J. and Krok, F. 2003. Potato starch granule nanostructure studied by high resolution non-contact AFM. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 33 1-7. 

Park H-M, Li X, Jin C-Z, Park C-Y, Cho W-J, Ha C-S (2002) Preparation and jnopetties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/clay hybrids. Macromol Mater Eng 287(8) 553-558 Park H-M, Liang X, Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (2004a) Effect of compatibilizer on nanostructure of the biodegradable cellulose acetate/organoclay nanocomposites. Macromolecules 37(24) 9076-9082... 

Lin M-F, Thakur VK, Tan EJ, Lee PS (201 Ic) Dopant induced hollow BaTi03 nanostructures for apphcation in high performance capacitors. J Mater Chem 21 16500-16504 Liu Z, Zhao L, Chen M, Yu J (2011) Effect of carboxylate multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the performance of thermoplastic starch nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 83(2) 447-451 Liu J, Liu R, Jiang J, Liu X (2013a) Design and synthesis of water-soluble photosensitive a-cyclodextrin and its application in dispersing carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 130 (4) 2588-2593... 

However, up to now the most important result in starch technology from Novamont is the attainment of nanostructured composites, where thermoplastic starch represents the dispersed phase and different types of aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters represent the continuous phase [85, 86]. In these products, nanostructured starch gives an important contribution to the mechanical performance in terms of toughness and stability at different humidity and temperature conditions. The development of new aliphatic and aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters, containing renewable monomers from vegetable oils, has further improved the performances of these kinds of products and their environmental compatibility. 

The production of nanostructured carbon materials by hydrothermal processes from natural precursors is one of the most attractive subjects in material science today. Carbon materials prepared from hydrothermal process are currently being used in various fields of research including environmental, electrical, chemical, and biomedical fields. In environmental application, carbon is mainly used as a sorbent material for the removal of heavy metal ions (CrO/, Pb +, and Cd +) from water and wastewater [116,117]. Carbon nanocoils prepared from saccharides (sucrose, glucose, and starch) with a support of Pt/Ru nanoparticles exhibit a high catalytic activity for the electro-oxidation of methanol in an acid medium [150]. Similarly, electro-oxidation of ethanol and methanol was carried out with electro catalysts, such as Pd/CHC (coin-like hollow carbon), Pt/ HCS (hard carbon spherules), and Pt/Pd/CMS (carbon microspheres) in acidic and alkaline media... 

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