SUBJECTS attraction

Modifying the surface of SWNTs with functional materials is one way to engineer the photoelectrical properties of SWNTs. Hence, chemical functionalization of SWNTs has been a subject attracting much attention. Compared... 

Modifying the surface of SWNTs with functional materials is one way to engineer the photoelectrical properties of SWNTs. Hence, chemical functionalization of SWNTs has been a subject attracting much attention. Compared with the covalent functionalization of SWNTs, the non-covalent functionalization method is particularly attractive as this method presents the possibility of attaching chemical handles to SWNTs without severely disrupting the bonding network in SWNTs. The functionalization of SWNTs with chromophores has been reported, while other research groups have used photosensitive polymers to achieve the modulation of the conductance in SWNTs. 

Numerous text-books on thermodynamics have been written which use very different approaches to the subject because there is no general agreement on how thermodynamics should be taught. Probably there never will be any general agreement on the best method for the teaching of thermodynamics because some aspects of the subject attract abstract thinkers while other aspects attract the attention of the most practical of workers. 

The carriers in tire channel of an enhancement mode device exhibit unusually high mobility, particularly at low temperatures, a subject of considerable interest. The source-drain current is carried by electrons attracted to tire interface. The ionized dopant atoms, which act as fixed charges and limit tire carriers mobility, are left behind, away from tire interface. In a sense, tire source-drain current is carried by tire two-dimensional (2D) electron gas at tire Si-gate oxide interface. 

Now, in principle, the angle of contact between a liquid and a solid surface can have a value anywhere between 0° and 180°, the actual value depending on the particular system. In practice 6 is very difficult to determine with accuracy even for a macroscopic system such as a liquid droplet resting on a plate, and for a liquid present in a pore having dimensions in the mesopore range is virtually impossible of direct measurement. In applications of the Kelvin equation, therefore, it is almost invariably assumed, mainly on grounds of simplicity, that 0 = 0 (cos 6 = 1). In view of the arbitrary nature of this assumption it is not surprising that the subject has attracted attention from theoreticians. 

Alternative feedstocks for petrochemicals have been the subject of much research and study over the past several decades, but have not yet become economically attractive. Chemical producers are expected to continue to use fossil fuels for energy and feedstock needs for the next 75 years. The most promising sources which have received the most attention include coal, tar sands, oil shale, and biomass. Near-term advances ia coal-gasification technology offer the greatest potential to replace oil- and gas-based feedstocks ia selected appHcations (10) (see Feedstocks, coal chemicals). 

Precipitator dust often contains concentrated amounts of minor ore components that make it attractive. The potassium, phosphate, and 2inc content have resulted in its use in ferti1i2er, and the sdver and gallium content have been the subject of some recovery efforts (see Recycling). 

Specific Interactions. Ideas oa the subject of specific iateractions between PVC and a plasticizer molecule, as a basis of plasticization, can be considered a more detailed form of some of the ideas already discussed. Clearly some mechanism of attraction and interaction between PVC and plasticizer must exist for the plasticizer to be retained in the polymer after processing. 

The fluorotriazine reactive group was reported in the mid-1970s, and has been the subject of many Hterature references since that time (15). Monofluorotriazine dyes are especially attractive because of their high color yield at low temperatures (below 40°C) (3). 

The main objection to the venture-premium method is that the assessment of the riskiness of a project may be too subjective. This could lead to the rejec tion of potentially attractive proposals and the acceptance of projects that merely appear to be risk-free. 

Chemical agents that increase the rate of grinding are an attractive prospect since their cost is low. However, despite a voluminous literature on the subject, there is no accepted scientific method to choose such aids there is not even agreement on the mechanisms by which they work. The subject has been recently reviewed [Fuerstenau, KONA Powder and Paiticle, 13,5-17 (1995)]. 

Gases have weaker attractive forces between individual molecules and therefore diffuse rapidly and assume the shape of their container. Molecules can be separated by vast distances unless the gas is subjected to high pressure. Their volumes are easily affected by temperature and pressure. The behaviour of any gas is dependent on only a few general laws based upon the properties of volume, pressure and temperature as discussed in Chapter 4. 

Electrostatic force A field in which stationary electrically charged particles are subjected to a force of attraction or repulsion, as the result of another stationary electric charge. 

Here is the energy gain or loss when a site reconstructs. The lateral interaction energies and V2s between nearest (a) and next nearest (b) (and further) neighbors are most likely attractive to favor the growth of domains that are either reconstructed or unreconstructed. If V2s were repulsive then a c(2 x 2) pattern of alternately reconstructed and unreconstructed cells would be favored. A gas phase particle can adsorb either on the unreconstructed ui = 0 or 1) or the reconstructed surface (r, = 0 or 1) subject to the constraints... 

As the distance between the two particles varies, they are subject to these long-range r " attractive forces (which some authors refer to collectively as van der Waals forces). Upon very close approach they will experience a repulsive force due to electron-electron repulsion. This repulsive interaction is not theoretically well characterized, and it is usually approximated by an empirical reciprocal power of distance of separation. The net potential energy is then a balance of the attractive and repulsive components, often described by Eq. (8-16), the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential. 

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