Synthesis sonochemical

Compound Particle size, nm Morphology Characterization methods Refs. 

As a result of high temperature and pressure, the high concentration of various chemically active radicals is generated. The chemical reactions requiring above critical conditions can be performed in an ultrasonic cavity, which can be regarded as a microscale reactor. The results of theoretical calculation of the cavitation intensity are reported in Fig. 5.11. 

In the absence of cavitation, the ultrasound irradiation improves the mixing of the reactants and therefore, reaction kinetics is several times accelerated. This creates the conditions for the formation of powder particles with the sizes of tens or hundreds of nanometers. The cavitation also leads to the generation of local turbulence and liquid micro-circulation (mixing of reactants) in the reactor. 

It has been revealed that the microscopic jet is directed inside the bubble on collapse. This intensifies the local mass transfer and causes a unique synthesis conditions on the bubble-liquid interface. Pulsed power is so great in front of jet that it is sufficient to destroy the liquid molecules, particularly water, which explains the appearance of H and OH radicals in the synthesis process. 

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Fig. 11. Sonochemical synthesis of various forms of nanostmctured materials, n = 100-1000.

K. S. Suslick, M. Fang, T. Hyeon, and A. A. Cichowlas, Sonochemical synthesis and catalytic properties of nanostructured molybdenum carbide, in Molecularily Designed Nanostructered Materials, K. E. Gonsalves., ed., M.R.S., Pittsburgh (1994). 

Mishra, P. Yadav, R. S. and Pandey, A. C. (2009). Starch assisted sonochemical synthesis of flower-like ZnO nanostructure. Digest.. Nano. Bios., 4,193-198. 

It is also observed in Fig. 5.3 that Pd(II) ions are partly adsorbed on AI2O3 before ultrasonic irradiation the concentration of Pd(II) just before irradiation becomes ca. 0.8 mM, although 1 mM Pd(II) was added in the sample solution. From a preliminary adsorption experiment, the rate of Pd(II) adsorption on A1203 was found to be slow compared with those of Pd(II) reduction in the presence of alcohols. Therefore, it is suggested that the sonochemical reduction of Pd(II) in the presence of alcohols mainly proceeds in the bulk solution. The mechanism of the Pd/Al203 formation is also described in the section of sonochemical synthesis of supported metal nanoparticles. 

Suslick KS, Fang M, Hyeon T (1996) Sonochemical synthesis of iron colloids. J Am Chem Soc 118 11960-11961... 

Suslick KS, Hyeon T, Fang M (1996) Nanostructured materials generated by high-intensity ultrasound sonochemical synthesis and catalytic studies. Chem Mater 8 2172-2179... 

Okitsu K, Ashokkumar M, Grieser L (2005) Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles effects of ultrasound frequency. J Phys Chem B 109 20673-20675... 

He Y, Vinodgopal K, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F (2006) Sonochemical synthesis of ruthenium nanoparticles. Res Chem Intermed 32 709-715... 

Abstract A convenient method to synthesize metal nanoparticles with unique properties is highly desirable for many applications. The sonochemical reduction of metal ions has been found to be useful for synthesizing nanoparticles of desired size range. In addition, bimetallic alloys or particles with core-shell morphology can also be synthesized depending upon the experimental conditions used during the sonochemical preparation process. The photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductor particles can be improved by simultaneous reduction and loading of metal nanoparticles on the surface of semiconductor particles. The current review focuses on the recent developments in the sonochemical synthesis of monometallic and bimetallic metal nanoparticles and metal-loaded semiconductor nanoparticles. 

Anandan et al. [37] reported the sonochemical synthesis of gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles with core-shell geometry by the sonochemical co-reduction of Au and... 

Sweet JD, Casadonte DJ (2001) Sonochemical synthesis of iron phosphide. Ultrason Sono-chem 8 97-101... 

Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles Ashokkumar M (2008) In Cozzoli PD (ed) Chapter 4 Advanced we-chemical synthetic approaches to inorganic nanostructures, Transworld Research Network, pp 107-131... 

Grieser F, Ashokkumar M (2004) In Caruso F (ed) Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic and organic colloids, colloids and colloid assemblies. Wiley-VCH GmbH Co. KgaA, Weinheim, pp 120-149... 

Anandan S, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F (2008) Sonochemical synthesis of Au-Ag core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 112 15102-15105... 

Sathish Kumar P, Manivel A, Anandan S, Zhou M, Grieser F, Ashokkumar M (2010) Sonochemical synthesis and characterization of gold-ruthenium bimetallic nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A 356 140-144... 

Wang Y, Tang X, Lin L, Huang W, Haochen Y, Gedanken A (2000) Sonochemical synthesis of mesoporous titanium oxide with wormhole-like framework structures. Adv Mater 12 1183-1186... 

Anandan S, Ashokkumar M (2009) Sonochemical synthesis of Au-Ti02 nanoparticles for the sonophotocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous environment. Ultrason Sonochem 16 316-320... 

Lv W, Luo Z, Yang H, Liu B, Weng W, Liu J (2010) Effect of processing conditions on sonochemical synthesis of nanosized copper aluminate powders. Ultrason Sonochem 17(2) 344—351... 

Abstract Sonochemical synthesis, an energy efficient processing technique to induce a variety of physical and chemical transformations is on the rise. A variety of simple and mixed metal oxides and sulfides have been obtained using this technique. The present chapter reviews the types of oxides and sulfides obtained in the last few years. 

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