Bacterial diversity

Hugenholtz P, C Pitulle, KL Hershberger, NR Pace (1998) Novel division level bacterial diversity in a Yellowstone hot spring. J Bacteriol 180 366-376. 

Reciprocally, the growth on single C source significantly decreases the bacterial diversity. For example, in the rhizosphere soil of potato, a dramatic reduction in the number of ribotypes was found by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) after 48 h of incubation with single C source substrate in Biolog microplate wells (I46). 

V. Torsvik, R. Sorheim, and J. Goksoyr, Total bacterial diversity in soil and sediment communities—a review, J. Ind. Microbiol. 77 170 (1996). 

Dilly O, loemJ B, Vos A, Munch JC (2004) Bacterial diversity in agricultural soils during litter decomposition. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 468-474 Dizdaroglu M (1991) Chemical determination of free radical-induced damage to DNA. Free Radical Biol Med 10 225-242 Eaton RW, Ribbons DW (1982) Metabolism of dimethylphthalate by Micrococcus sp. strain 12B. JBacteriol 151 465-467... 

Bruce F, Moffett FA, Nicholson NC, Uwakwe BJ, Chambers JAH, Tom CJH (2003) Zinc contamination decreases the bacterial diversity of agricultural soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 43 13-19... 

Yu ZT, Mohn WW (2001) Bacterial diversity and community structure in an aerated lagoon revealed by ribosomal intergenic spacer analyses and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 1565-1574... 

Huber, J. A., D. A. Butterfield and J. A. Baross, 2003, Bacterial diversity in a sub-seafloor habitat following a deep-sea volcanic eruption. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 43, 393 109. 

Modern approaches based on the use of molecular techniques presumed to circumvent the need for culturing prokaryotes, fail to provide sufficient and reliable information for estimation of prokaryote diversity. Many properties that make these organisms important members of the living world are amenable to observation only through the study of living cultures. Since current culture techniques do not always satisfy the need of providing a balanced picture of the microflora composition, future developments in the study of bacterial diversity should include improvements in the culture methods to approach as closely as possible the conditions of natural habitats. Molecular methods of microflora analysis have an important role as guides for the isolation of new prokaryotic taxa. 

Du C, Wu Z, Xiao E et al (2008) Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic waste water. J Environ Sci (China) 20(10) 1210-1217... 

Moura A, Tacao M, Henriques I et al (2009) Characterization of bacterial diversity in two aerated lagoons of a waste water treatment plant using PCR-DGGE analysis. Microbiol Res 164(5) 560-569... 

Xin J, Mingchao MA, Jun LI et al (2008) Bacterial diversity of active sludge in waste water treatment plant Earth Sci Eront 15(6) 163-168... 

Hugenholtz, P., B. M. Goebel, and N. R. Pace. 1998. Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. Journal of Bacteriology 180 4765-4774. 

Bahr, M. J. E. Hobbie, and M. Sogin. 1996. Bacterial diversity in an arctic lake A freshwater SAR11 cluster. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 11 271-277. 

Hiorns, W. D., B. A. Methe, S. A. Nierzwicki-Bauer, and J. P. Zehr. 1997. Bacterial diversity in Adirondack Mountain lakes as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequences. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63 2957-2960. 

WM Huang. Bacterial diversity based on type II DNA topoisomerase genes. Annu Rev Genet 30 79-107, 1996. 

Shifts in the cutaneous microbiome have also been noted in chronic ulcer disease, such as those caused by venous stasis or diabetes (175). Patients with chronic ulcers treated with antibiotics have been shown to have an increased abundance of Pseudomonadaceae while an increase in Streptococcaceae has been noted in diabetic ulcers (175). A longitudinal shift in wound microbiota has also been shown to coincide with impaired healing in diabetic mice, and may interact with aberrantly expressed host cutaneous defense response genes leading to ulcerogenesis (176). When compared to controls, the feet of diabetic men has also been noted to have decreased populations of Staphylococcus species, a relative increase in the population of S. aureus and increased bacterial diversity, which may increase the risk for wound infections in diabetic patients (177). 

Jensen, P. R. and Fenical, W., Marine bacterial diversity as a resource for novel microbial products, J. Ind. Microbiology, 17, 346, 1996. 

So far, we have just scratched the surface of bacterial diversity, yet there are many unanswered questions which are intrinsically connected to the future success of natural product research. How many different microbes do exist What is the real extent of this diversity How does microbial diversity correlate to chemical diversity of the secondary metabolites produced What does all that microbial diversity do How do species evolve Are there environmental factors that support horizontal gene transfer Are there ecosystems and microhabitats that have higher probabilities to attract or support microbes with biologically attractive secondary metabolism ... 

The extent of fungal novelty was also discussed by Hawkesworth, who stated in 2001 new species discovered. .. is an incontrovertible indicator of our ignorance .26 Unlike the study of bacterial diversity, which may in part be... 

Li, L., Kato, C., and Horikoshi, K. (1999). Bacterial diversity in deep-sea sediments from different depths. Biodiversity and Conservation 8, 659—677. 

Hewson, 1., Vargo, G. A., and Fuhrman, J. A. (2003). Bacterial diversity in shallow ohgotrophic marine benthos and overlying waters Effects of virus infection, containment and nutrient enrichment. Microb. Ecol. 46, 322—336. 

Luna, G. M., DeU Anno, A., Giuliano, L., and Danovaro, R. (2004). Bacterial diversity in deep Mediterranean sediments Relationship with the active bacterial fraction and substrate availability. 

West, N. J., Obemosterer, I., Zemb, O., and Lebaron, P. (2008). Major differences of bacterial diversity and activity inside and outside of a natural iron-fertibzed phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Ocean. Enp. Microbiol. 10, 738—756. 

Torsvik V., Sorheim R., and Goksoyr J. (1996) Total bacterial diversity in soil and sediment communities a review. J. Indust Microbiol. 17(3-4), 170-178. 

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