Bacterial adhesion

Chen et al. utUized a direct chemical reaction with a given solution (wet treatment) to modify the surface of the silicone rubber. The presence of a layer of PEO on a biomaterial surface is accompanied by reductions in protein adsorption, and cell and bacterial adhesion. In order to obtain a PEO layer on top of the silicone rabber surface, the surface was firstly modihed by incorporating an Si-H bond using (MeHSiO) , and followed by PEO grafting to the surface using a platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction. These PEO-modified surfaces were demonstrated by fibrinogen adsorption both from buffer and plasma, as well as albumin adsorption from buffer. Reductions in protein adsorption of as much as 90% were noted on these surfaces. 

Adverse effect of surfactants on bacterial adhesion to surfaces in the matrix... 

The first is glycosaminoglycan, a compound produced by the body that coats the epithelial cells of the bladder. This compound essentially separates the bladder from the urine by forming a protective layer against bacterial adhesion.14 A second compound known as Tamm-Horsfall protein is secreted into the urine, and prevents E. coli from binding to receptors present on the surface of the bladder. Other factors implicated in contributing to host defense mechanisms include immunoglobulins, specifically IgA, and lactobacilli, bacteria that are part of the normal vaginal flora.13,15... 

Both microbial and host factors are important determinants in the development of osteomyelitis.2,3,9 Staphylococcus species possess bacterial adhesions, which promote their attachment to tissues and foreign devices. As such, S. aureus... 

Inhibition of bacterial adhesion of fimbriated E. coli to pentaerythritol-based clusters bearing peripheral a-D-mannopyranoside residues has also been often addressed, albeit without systematic structure-activity relationships.73,74... 

B.J. Nablo, T.Y. Chen, and M.H. Schoenfisch, Sol-gel derived nitric-oxide releasing materials that reduce bacterial adhesion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 9712-9713 (2001). 

Knutton S, Baldwin T, Williams PH, McNeish AS Actin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue culture cells Basis of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1989 57 1290-1298. 

Rijnaarts HHM, Norde W, Bouwer EJ et al (1995) Reversibility and mechanism of bacterial adhesion. Colloids Surf B 4 5-22... 

More recently, increasing research attention has focused upon the use of mucoadhe-sive delivery systems in which the biopharmaceutical is formulated with/encapsulated in molecules that interact with the intestinal mucosa membranes. The strategy is obviously to retain the drug at the absorbing surface for a prolonged period. Non-specific (charge-based) interactions can be achieved by the use of polyacrylic acid, whereas more biospecihc interactions are achieved by using selected lectins or bacterial adhesion proteins. Despite intensive efforts, however, the successful delivery of biopharmaceuticals via the oral route remains some way off. 

Lateral transfer of ionic species through the biointerphasial double layer has only recently received attention. Yet it is a subject of significant relevance, because it may play a crucial role in the interactions of organisms with their surroundings, for example in bacterial adhesion processes, biofilm formation (and removal), etc. 

Bacterial adhesion and the formation of biofilms have been frequently reported to occur under mass-transfer-limited conditions. For instance, biofilm... 

Theoretical considerations show that bacterial adhesion to solid, liquid, or sorbed substrates is a powerful mechanism to improve substrate mass transfer. According to Fick s law, the diffusive mass flux of a substrate towards the cell surface J is strongly affected by the space coordinate in direction of the transport ... 

The presence of polymers or polyelectrolytes have important effects on the Van der Waal interaction and on the electrostatic interaction. Bacterial adhesion, as discussed in Chapter 7.9 may be interpreted in terms of DLVO theory. Since the interaction in bacterial adhesion occurs at larger distances, this interaction may be looked at as occurring in the secondary minimum of the net interaction energy (Fig. 7.4). Particle Size. The DLVO theory predicts an increase of the total interaction energy with an increase in particle size. This effect cannot be verified in coagulation studies. 

Relation between bacterial adhesion to sulphated polystyrene (A) and cell surface characteristics as determined by electrophoretic mobility and contact angle measurement. Results were obtained by interpolating the data points for the adhesion of 17 different strains of bacteria. 

Research aimed at imderstanding bacterial pathogenesis has established the importance of bacterial adherence in disease. This research has led to the identification of a number of both bacterial adhesins and potential host cell receptors. By imderstanding the detailed interactions between a bacterial adhesin and host receptor, it is possible to develop new mechanisms to prevent bacterial adhesion, thereby averting disease. Many promising anti-adhesion mechanisms have been developed and studied, but much more work is needed, both in vitro and in vivo, to establish the feasibility of these mechanisms. 

Berglund, J., and Knight, S. D. (2003). Structural basis for bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract Glycbiol. Med. 535, 33-52. 

Busscher, H. J., and Weerkamp, A. H. (1987). Specific and non-specific interactions in bacterial adhesion to solid substrata. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 46,165-173. 

Ofek, I., and Doyle, R. J. (1994). "Bacterial Adhesion to Cells and Tissues." Chapman Hall, New York, NY. 

Sugita-Konishi, Y., Sakanaka, S., Sasaki, K., Juneja, L., Noda, T., and Amano, F. (2002). Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and salmonella infection in BALE/c Mice by sialyloligo-saccharides and their derivatives from chicken egg yoUc. /. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 3607-3613. 

Redman JA, Grant SB, Olson TM, Estes MK (2001) Pathogen filtration, heterogeneity, and the potable reuse of wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 35 1798-1805 Redman JA, Walker SL, Elimelech M (2004) Bacterial adhesion and transport in porous media Role of the secondary energy minimum. Environ Sci Technol 38 1777-1785 Reeves CP, CeUa MA (1996) A functional relationship between capillary pressure, saturation, and interfacial area as revealed by a pore-scale network model. Water Resour Res 32 2345-2358 Richards LA (1931) Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums. Physics 1 318-333... 

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