Process plant requirements

All process plants require both steam and electric power in their operations. Power is cither purchased from local utility companies or generated at the plant site. Even if power is generated by the process plant, arrangements for standby power from the local utility must be made for emergency purposes. Steam is rarely purchased but is generated at the plant for use in the process and as a driving medium for pumps and compressors. 

The correct interpretation of measured process data is essential for the satisfactory execution of many computer-aided, intelligent decision support systems that modern processing plants require. In supervisory control, detection and diagnosis of faults, adaptive control, product quality control, and recovery from large operational deviations, determining the mapping from process trends to operational conditions is the pivotal task. Plant operators skilled in the extraction of real-time patterns of process data and the identification of distinguishing features in process trends, can form a mental model on the operational status and its anticipated evolution in time. 

Again, since the purpose of both initial and consequence screenings is to establish which buildings in process plants require further evaluation and which buildings do not require further consideration, the assumptions made in the studies should be conservatively chosen. This conservatism will help ensure that all buildings potentially exposed to significant blast are appropriately evaluated. 

The removal of any relief device from a process plant requires a safe system of work such as a written safety procedure and a formal permit to work before the work commences. It is essential that the replacement d vice is to the correct specification and installed correctly otherwise the integrity of the system will be affected. To this end, it is recommended that the replacement is approved by a competent person who has access to the records of the installation. Further information is given by Parry[1]. ... 

Solution. The process plant is considered to require three process steps. From Fig. 6-8, for a capacity of 100 tons product/day, the highly automated process plant requires 33 employee-hours/day/processing step. Thus, for 300 days annual operation, operating labor required = (3X33X300) = 29,700 employee-hours/year. 

Safety Stations - Most process plants require safety showers and eye wash fountains strategically located in the process area. The number must be determined based on safety requirements and operating areas. This unit includes one safety shower, one eye wash fountain, 50 ft. of 3/4-in. carbon steel pipe and two 3/4-in. valves. Steam tracing, insulation, and lights are not included. 

All waste streams must receive oil separation of some sort before any further treatment. Every oilseeds processing and oil processing plant requires facilities for capturing of floatable fats and oils resulting from both day-to-day losses and larger spill situations. 

The selection of the components for a SCF food processing plant requires careful evaluation of the operating requirements from the perspectives of cleanliness, sanitation, maintenance, accessibility and safety for the pressures and temperatures to be encountered. Specific areas must carefully considered to ensure the satisfactory... 

Developing a commercial supercritical CO2 processing plant requires... 

In medium or small scale boilers, the hot water or steam is generated for heat supply to residential heating or process plant requirements. In this case, flue gas can be introduced directly to the dryer for biomass drying. Alternatively heat exchanger can be installed to recover the exhaust heat of the flue gas using air or water, which is then used for biomass drying (Wimmerstedt, 2006). 

Salt solution [3]. A processing plant requires a stream with a flow rate of 100 kg/h with a salt concentration of 1 % (w/w). For this piupose, the plant has unlimited quantities of water and a stream with 3 % salt (w/w). In what proportion should the water and stream be mixed with 3 % salt to obtain a desired stream of 100 kg/h with 1 % salt ... 

Safe, efficient operation of processing plants requires on-line measurement of key process variables. Clearly, the CVs should be measured. Other output variables can be measured to provide additional information or for use in model-based control schemes such as... 

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