Discharge curve

Fig. 9. Peukert diagram of the performance of a battery based on the discharge curves from Figure 6(b) where - 1 > - 2 > E3. ...

Eig. 11. Typical discharge curve comparison for zinc—mercuric oxide batteries (-) model 325, HgO, and (-... 

Fig. 15. Relative discharge curves for (-) 2inc—silver oxide, and (—) 2inc—mercuric oxide batteries. Cells are of equal volume (21).

Fig. 18. Discharge curves for miniature 2inc—silver oxide batteries (-), and 2inc—manganese dioxide batteries (—) (21).

Fig. 12. Silver—2inc cell discharge curves at rates of A, 10 min B, 1 h and C, 10 h.

Coin and Button Cell Commercial Systems. Initial commercialization of rechargeable lithium technology has been through the introduction of coin or button cells. The eadiest of these systems was the Li—C system commercialized by Matsushita Electric Industries (MEI) in 1985 (26,27). The negative electrode consists of a lithium alloy and the positive electrode consists of activated carbon [7440-44-0J, carbon black, and binder. The discharge curve is not flat, but rather slopes from about 3 V to 1.5 V in a manner similar to a capacitor. Use of lithium alloy circumvents problems with cycle life, dendrite formation, and safety. However, the system suffers from generally low energy density. 

The discharge curve (Fig. 8) is another important feature of battery systems therefore the terminal voltage is plotted against the discharge capacity. For an ideal battery the terminal voltage drops to zero in a single step when the stored energy is completely consumed. 

Sloping discharge curve allows simple low-battery warning circuitry... 

Figure 2. Schematic semi-ideal discharge curves of Mn02 in 9 mol L 1 and 5 mol L 1 NH4CI2 + 2 mol L l ZnCl2 solutions. IL, range of discharge capacity of commercial alkaline MnO, - Zn R2, range of discharge capacity of commercial Leclanche or zinc chloride cells.

Both Swinkels et al. [7] and Chabre and Pannetier [9] described the process of EMD reduction as three overlapping processes. Recently Donne et al. reported [9] that the presence of Bi (OH)3 on the EMD surface modified the discharge curve considerably and the rechargeability was increased. Formation of the bimessite structure from EMD and Bi (OH), or Bi203 (mechanically mixed with EMD) [11] is the cause of the increase in rechargeability. 

Figure 3. Four step discharge curves of Mn02 2J 100 mg of EMD was discharged continuously in 9 mol L1 KOH (A) and the discharged Mn02 was stored at the 12 mAh (B), 16 mAh (C), and 20 mAh (D) stages for 96 h. Three cells containing 100 mg of y - MnO, were discharged at 23 °C at ImAh to 12, 16 and 20mAh. The cells were kept on open circuit at the temperature shown for 96 h, then the discharge was continued at 1 ma at 23 "C. The cathode potential for the cells stored at 0 C and 23 °C recovered to point "a" but that of the cell stored at 45 °C decreased to point "b".

Figure 1. Charge and discharge curves of an Li/LiCoO, cell at a rate of 0.17 niAcm 2 at 30 °C. The cell was discharged to 2.5V, after a constant-capacity charge at 125 mAhg based on weight of LiCoO,.

Figure 1 shows the charge and discharge curves of an Li/LiCo02 cell. When the... 

Figure 3. Charge and discharge curves of an Li/Li[Li0jMn, 9]04 cell cycled at voltages between 3.0 and 4.4V at a rate of 0.1 mAcnT2 at 30 °C. To describe the composition of an Li-Mn-O ternary phase a defect-spinel formulation was assumed.

Figure 8. Charge-discharge Curves for Li Sn (x=0.8 to 2.5) at ambient temperature. Solid points are at a current density of 0.24 mAcm 2, and open points at a current density of 0.5 rnAcrn-2. The equilibrium potential is also shown [41 ].

Figure 14. Charge-discharge curves for the upper plateau in the LirSi system inside a matrix of the Li2 f)Sn phase at 415 °C. The upper panel shows the effect of current density, whereas the lower panel shows that the potential overshoot related to the nucleation of the second phase is mostly eliminated if the electrode is not cycled to the ends of the plateau (441.

Figure 17. Sixth charge-discharge curve of a composite Li Sn/Li-Cd electrode at a current density of 0.1 m Acm 2 at ambient temperature [48],...

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